The Last Universal Common Ancestor of Ribosome-Encoding Organisms: Portrait of LUCA

Journal of Molecular Evolution, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 92(5), P. 550 - 583

Published: Aug. 19, 2024

Language: Английский

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Archaeal lipids

Progress in Lipid Research, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 91, P. 101237 - 101237

Published: May 25, 2023

Language: Английский

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Archaeal DNA replication initiation: bridging LUCA's legacy and modern mechanisms

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: Feb. 19, 2025

DNA replication is an essential process enabling the duplication of before cell division. This typically starts at origins (ori), which are specific sequences (except in higher eukaryotes, where they not very well defined and correspond to a broad chromosomal region preferentially happens) recognized by initiator protein complex, leading unwinding opening DNA. In bacteria, DnaA (Rashid Berger, 2024), while archaea it initiated Orc/Cdc6 proteins (Orc1/Cdc6 Archaea Orc1-6 Cdc6 eukaryotes; Bell Dutta, 2002;Matsunaga et al., 2007;Majerník Chong, 2008;Ojha Swati, 2010). Bacteria possess single ori (Gao, 2015), whereas eukaryotes can have hundreds thousands (Hu Stillman, 2023;Tian 2024). archaea, number varies between species, ranging from one four (Myllykallio 2000;Lundgren 2004;Duggin 2008;Farkas 2011;Pelve 2012;Hawkins 2013). Then, (DnaA or Orc1/Cdc6) recruit replicative helicase (DnaB for Mcm MCM complex eucaryotes) that unwinds begins with loading other components (primase, polymerases etc.).Positioned evolutionarily bacteria (Dombrowski 2021;Imachi 2020), offer unique vantage point understanding mechanisms drive cellular life. While were initially thought share strategies due their prokaryotic nature, studies shown employ hybrid system incorporating features both bacterial eukaryotic processes. These microorganisms genes operons circular genomic like but metabolism more closely related cells (Edgell Doolittle, 1997;Raymann 2014). evolutionary bridge makes fascinating subjects scientific inquiry, offering insights could reshape our molecular biology.The study has garnered increasing attention over past decade, especially since was live without (Hawkins Recent demonstrated use multiple different levels activity, homologous recombination plays important role 2013;Gehring 2017;Mc Teer 2024;Liman article aims explore latest findings on archaeal replication, focusing key Hawkins al. (2013), Mc (2024), Liman (2024). works only challenge traditional views also highlight complexity flexibility archaea.DNA fundamental life, yet processes employed defy simple classification. Historically, scientists grouped structure, Carl Woese coworkers revolutionized this perception demonstrating existence three distinct domains life (Fox 1977). Although still debated whether ancestors (Imachi 2020;Dombrowski 2021;Da Cunha 2022), certain aspects biology remain intriguing. Research recently Gehring (2017) andMc reveals reality. combination bacterial-like eukaryotic-like mechanisms, might retain even ancient suggests represent linking modern systems. One most striking discoveries Euryarchaeota Haloferax volcanii (2024) RadA involved reducing expression increases utilization two Euryarchaeota, Thermococcus barophilus kodakarensis, respectively. reveal recombination-dependent (RDR) used some partly entirely ensures proper replication. However, all ori, nor do RDR (Samson 2013;Yang 2015). relies formation D-loop through strand invasion recombination, then serves as platform initiate firstly described T4 phage (Mosig, 1998;Kreuzer, 2000;Malkova Ira, special system, using R-loop (a RNA invades double replication) (Miller 2003). Similar Escherichia coli (iSDR recombinase cSDR R-loop) (BIR) unable weakly able form colonies replicate error (Michel Bernander, 2014).Interestingly, Cyanobacteria dnaA (Richter 1998;Ran 2010;Ohbayashi 2016;Ohbayashi 2020). Ohbayashi (2016) suggested fire asynchronously strain explain results. could, least Cyanobacteria, be accordance found archaea. Unfortunately, no investigated importance RecA, recombinase, Cyanobacteria. Such research necessary determine if another unknown initiation pathway. suggest shared origin potentially dating back LUCA (Last Universal Common/Cellular Ancestor).In my opinion, these "classical" models merely exceptions rule critical refining forms. Their systems blur boundaries serve living early life.Forterre (2002 2013) proposed machineries, differ Archaea/Eucarya, result viral transfer descendants LUCA. Similarly, Koonin (2014) explained variety associated respective may evolved primordial pool, surviving selfish elements. Two ultimately adopted successful Archaea, later Eukaryotes. Since RecA/RAD51/RadA family shares common ancestor (Lin 2006;Chintapalli 2013), why similar such iSDR BIR, many organisms. Kowalczykowski (2000) RecA-like provided way primitive organisms.Since, been ATPase AAA+ domain DnaA/Orc/Cdc6 same period (Iyer 2003), obtained fusion gene (specific binds actual DnaA/Orc/Cdc6) independently descendant gave archaea/eukarya Thus possible present Genome remains mysterious composed (Forterre, 1999 ;Koonin 2020) now genome hypothesis based non-homology polymerase, helicases primase universal worked Topo IA given virus (PCNA, RFC example) To go further theory, RNA-binding repair (Bader 2020;Klaric 2021), known bind RNA, BRCA1, KU, RPA, RAD52, RAD51, RecA (Kirkpatrick 1992;Kim 1992;Yoo Dynan, 1998;Keskin 2014;Sharma 2015;Thomas 2023). For review, specifically proteins, tempting think proteins-the ancestor-already RNA-LUCA, perform word, first (and repair) (in LUCA's descendants). actually support view generated Polymerase LUCA) (RecA (Kasahara 2000) acted ancestral initiation. taken archaea/eukaryotes.In case, viruses already carried RecA/RadA/RAD51 and/or initiators, transmitted descendants. Supporting hypothesis, originate extrachromosomal genetic elements, Robinson (2007) (2013, fourth H. chromosome). seen organisms mobile elements absorbed regulated machinery Therefore, independent, co-opted create efficient, centralized restart particularly preceded, co-existed with, emergence primary method Some retained mechanism (archaea, cyanobacteria?) (bacteria eukaryotes) genomes under conditions.Whereas seems main appears principal T. kodakarensis laboratory conditions (Gehring mainly during stationary phase except when RadA, expressed (Mc underscore versatility far adaptable than bacteria. adaptability, I believe, positions how forms extreme environments. Furthermore, inherently simpler propose appearance relied recombination-based processes, today repair, material (Fig. 1). reinforces notion innovation often arises co-option existing, selfish, abundantly literature (Hurst Werren, 2001;Hazen 2010;Koonin, 2016;Haudiquet 2022;Kumon Lampson, 2022;Widen 2023).In conclusion, represents area bridges gap prokaryotes eukaryotes. studies, those (2017), versatile nature long-standing assumptions greater previously recognized. More effort should directed towards studying RDR. Badel mention Aeropyrum pernix, barophilus, uses actively phase, suggesting Crenarchaeota, exponential phase.Additionally, analyzing potential provide insights. Moreover, because Deinococcales deeply branched tree ESDSA (extended synthesis-dependent annealing; Zahradka 2006), double-strand break would interesting test capacity dnaA.Archaea's ability survive environments provides valuable limits Earth planets. By manage high-stress conditions, we better understand pressures shaped forms.Moving forward, interdisciplinary integrating biology, biochemistry, biotechnology will unlocking full discoveries. biological curiosities; central life's history hold promise future biotechnological advancements.

Language: Английский

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ArchLips: A comprehensive in silico database for high-throughput identification of archaeal lipids

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 6, 2025

Abstract Archaeal membrane lipids are markedly distinct from those in bacteria and eukaryotes, serving as unique biomarkers for unraveling their ecological biogeochemical roles. Recent advancements lipidomics have facilitated detailed cellular-level characterizations of lipid compounds. However, the lack a comprehensive dedicated database has severely limited large-scale, high-throughput investigations archaeal lipids. We present ArchLips, containing 218,868 silico molecular structures tandem mass spectra 199,248 corresponding ArchLips enables rapid accurate identification characterized compounds both pure cultures environmental samples, transformative tool enhancing our understanding diversity evolutionary significance within global ecosystems.

Language: Английский

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The origin of eukaryotes and rise in complexity were synchronous with the rise in oxygen

Frontiers in Bioinformatics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 3

Published: Sept. 1, 2023

The origin of eukaryotes was among the most important events in history life, spawning a new evolutionary lineage that led to all complex multicellular organisms. However, timing this event, crucial for understanding its environmental context, has been difficult establish. fossil and biomarker records are sparse molecular clocks have thus far not reached consensus, with dates spanning 2.1-0.91 billion years ago (Ga) critical nodes. Notably, time estimates last common ancestor typically hundreds millions younger than Great Oxidation Event (GOE, 2.43-2.22 Ga), leading researchers question presumptive link between oxygen. We obtained estimate using genetic data both archaeal bacterial origin, latter rarely used past studies. also avoided potential calibration biases may affected earlier conservative interval 2.2-1.5 Ga, an even narrower core 2.0-1.8 eukaryotes, period closely aligned rise further reconstructed biological complexity across tree life three universal measures: cell types, genes, genome size. found temporally consistent followed pattern similar This suggests causal relationship stemming from increased energy needs fulfilled by

Language: Английский

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Carl Woese: Still ahead of our time

mLife, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 1(4), P. 359 - 367

Published: Dec. 1, 2022

The work of Carl Woese and his colleagues the Urbana University has been one most important breakthroughs in biology last century (for historical sketches, see Refs.1, 2). pioneered use macromolecule sequences to decipher relationships between all organisms, fulfilling Darwin's dream get a "fairly true genealogical trees each great kingdom nature"3. He went even beyond this objective since he was finally able identify connect nature (which called domains) into single tree. apex discovery 1977 an entire new domain life, hidden before our eyes, Archaea4. 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) as molecular chronometer later probe for PCR not only revealed third life but also paved way detection identification microorganisms that were yet amenable cultivation5. I deeply affected when passed away 10 years ago because my three scientific heroes: together with James Watson, DNA double-helix, Wang, topoisomerases (the Ws). surprised still shocked despite monumental achievements, death completely ignored French media, suspect it same countries worldwide. Notably, died day famous horse, Ourasi, had won several competitions such "le grand prix de l'arc Triumphe." horse made headlines media day, including prime-time TV news. could resist sending short piece entitled "the scientist horse" Journal Liberation which emphasize difference treatment (and like horses) greatest scientists century. It published online version journal link now removed, you can read at end fourth chapter book, Microbes from Hell1. ardent activist promoting vision living world by discoveries. criticized misleading prokaryotic/eukaryotic paradigm, classification organisms is based on phenotypic features, sequel anthropic lower higher ones, humans top classifications6. paradigm establish 15 Archaea7. Therefore, George Fox their seminar paper Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977, already firmly established. prokaryote/eukaryote easy explain (with or without nucleus) quickly became pillar cellular organisms8. dichotomy welcomed cytologists biologists alike modern classification, be opposed five-kingdom favored zoologists botanists9. This probably explains why so many biologists, strongly time Woese's proposal though data2, 10, 11 (see Ref.12 answer Ernst Mayer). Why should we change winning team? Here, will briefly describe various encounters Woese, focusing agreements disagreements concerning universal tree Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA), which, according definitely less recognized major question today"13. discuss how legacy challenged occasions reactions. Unfortunately, no longer among us defend legacy. All aware existence Archaea recognize merit revealing deep divide "prokaryotic world," too (in opinion) believe view fundamentally wrong favor pre-Woesian evolutionary model. dominant one, paralleled virus/phage virosphere, layman politicians journalists ignore (still confused Bacteria). More troublesome fact (except those working Archaea) are unaware vastly underestimate importance. seems remind generations importance history science fight ideas think they forefront science. discovered reading 1981 review Scientific American described "Archaebacteria" possibility studying "primary kingdom" determine common ancestor domains, progenote14. turning point career immediately stop replication Bacteria (Escherichia coli) started Archaea, polymerases. Thanks inspiration help few pioneers field, especially Wolfram Zillig15, rapidly accumulate significant results study Halobacterium halobium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius16, 17. first publications topic, invited Zillig participate second meeting organized Martinsried Institute, near Munich 1985. gave me opportunity time. vividly remember memorable sparring Lake took place meeting. Based electron microscopic pictures ribosomes, just two papers Science18, 19 proposed replacing "urkingdoms" (Figure 1A) four 1B). In unrooted tree, ribosome structure, Archaebacteria split "Archaebacteria proper," limited halophiles methanogens, urkingdom, Eocytes, grouping other thermophilic archaea, Thermococcus Thermoplasma18. Lake, who spoke first, violently attacked explained him different values versus genotypic data. came back shivering much argument opinion people present explanation. structural signatures Jim used define Eocyte indeed observed mesophilic methanogen, Methanococcus vanielli29. paper, although Science, cited today, whereas Lake's 1984 proponents two-domains (2D) hypothesis below) supporting favorite hypothesis30, 31. discouraged failure held Victoria Canadian east coast fresh arguments. meantime, learned phylogenetic techniques designed method own, parsimony32, produced rRNA Thermoplasma removed Eocytes33. If root localized bacteria obtains 2D trees, 1988 (Ref.33) clearly (instead 1984) description 1D). After talk meeting, stage conclude speaker brought arguments theory. striking contrast mute Canada, leaving coworker Gary Olsen against Lake34. seemed bit ongoing debate. How realize scenario good one? wondering mathematician here settle dispute. realized myself problem primarily mathematical (today, speaking about choose best model) more data sets22. fed up meetings eager person opponents. Besides conflict rejection theory evolutionists, Mayer Lynn Margulis, continue support paradigm2. My encounter thus delayed until 1994, very beginning genomic era. Despite reluctance attend meetings, joined friendship Zillig, influential bringing gospel Europe15. We waiting genome sequenced (most likely bacterial one), Roger Garret Aarhus Denmark35 small roundtable five colleagues, one) archaeal selected mammoth task. Each participant name archaeon floor expected (hoping would one). "We sequence least five," declared stupefaction incredulity. fact, right genomes available century, Craig Venter's team done collaboration 1996 (Methanocaldococcus vannielii)36. example lifetime. being heroes, did hesitate disagree him. strong proponent rooting groups 1980s37, 38. obtained combining analysis paralogous proteins originated gene duplication LUCA. For time, Hervé Philippe, these reliable attraction long branch separated corresponding respective outgroup39, 40. suspected preferred Bacteria. Indeed, rooted justify changing Archaea20 hoped topology simply extreme environments 1C). while, disagreed Eukaryotes domains. liked idea some eukaryotic spliceosome, possibly Of course, rejected have old division. When Philippe defended reporting presence bacterial-like genes than eukaryotic-like genomes39, ridiculed quantitative qualitative, quality hallmark translation apparatus studies41. soon right, allowing parsimonious distribution domains life27 1E). However, cannot solved analyses reasonable guess comparative (Box 1). LUCA smaller 33–34 ribosomes contain around 60–80 proteins27. mechanism biosynthesis simpler, protein involved process42. initiation transcription specific, factor set elongation Finn Werner)43. RNA, explaining replication, replicase, primase, helicase, homologous Arkarya Bacteria44 (Arkarya clade Eukarya)27. (processivity factor) might introduced independently lineages viruses. ATPase synthase ATP fermentation subunit essential synthesis Arkarya45. These reasoning sophistication fundamental mechanisms takes lineages. Alternative hypotheses (complex LUCA) involve replacement Arkaryal features ones vice versa ones. There obvious selection pressure suggested replacement, except simplification branch40. Although simpler progenote, sensu Fox21, 46, sophisticated membrane pumps capable faithful synthesis27. seminal "The concept evolution"46, unfaithful apparatus. Again, gap exists hand Eukarya evolution always parsimonious, remain open possible alternatives47. partly agree LUCA, do stricto sensu, translate mRNA message rather faithfully. conclusion contained transfer (tRNA) modifications crucial translation. A provided Kae1 Sua5 t6A biosynthesis, tRNA modification ANN codons. need additional factors perform task sufficient synthesize mitochondria, suggesting mitochondria recapitulates LUCA27. adopted promoted so-called "bacterial branch," never considered finding Eukarya. departure cladistic rules due fear weakening three-domain promoted. if follows rules, usually assumed, two-domain Bacteria, naming Arkarya27. Probably bypassing case 2002, Darwinian threshold transition period ancestors Archaeal Ancestor, LACA; Bacterial LBCA; Eukaryotic LECA), hereafter referred ancestors21. moment transmission genetic information moves predominantly horizontal mode lateral (LGT) vertical mode. assumed LGTs allow organisms. Accordingly, argue applicable threshold, separation leading Killing birds once, tempo dramatically decreased emergence ancestors. dramatic reduction observations early looking shape tree13. rate within extrapolated ancestors, born formation Earth! LGT prevalence correct rarely LGT48, 49. 2006, replicated repaired faithfully RNA50. viruses triggers independent RNA-to-DNA transitions, domain. To delight, reject agreed refer USA. respond critics challenge life. prevalent once thought, sometimes far apart led buzz forgetting trumpeting "Darwin wrong" discussion Ref.51). profoundly views, authors jokingly percent"52 networks53. save upper part (those context. chance meet another 2003 personal discussions evolution. little afraid knowledge previous disagreement negative impact encounter. case; friendly, real lover something give happy figure 1982, someone remembered review14. Lund Sweden honor awarded Crafoord prize Royal Swedish Academy Sciences. received King Sweden, Gustav XVI, descendant Marshal Napoleon Bernadotte, unexpected turn history. occasion humor mimicked official dinner ritual master ceremony Chap. 4 Ref.1). prize, 3 Nobel (both terms money ceremony!), exception complete absence press coverage. pity Prize. speak archaea. deserved medicine, considering markers microorganism medicine. recent Svante Pääbo sequencing Neanderthal confirms advances fields prize. wonder opposition adversaries evolutionists played role final distinction. met 2007 Illinois Urbana-Champaign celebrate 30th anniversary Archaea. "hidden your eyes" resembling visible, decades cousins under microscope. visit laboratory opening box containing film two-dimensional gel chromatography collection oligonucleotides after digestion Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum RNase T1 1 Ref.15). honored own university surrounded friends introduce countries, Karl Stetter Germany, Yoshizumi Ishino Japan, David Prangishvili former USSR. 2012, reawakening Asgard archaea24, 25. am really reacted twist biology. imagine disturbed, view. decade, paraphyletic, considers belong 1F). make things worse, often depicted fusions (one mitochondria) archaeon, Margulis highly despised (figure Ref14). Archaebacteria, hence illustrated contrasting eukaryotes emerged fusion prokaryotes (only time)14. much. going past becoming one. classical during decade fast-evolving species sets, combined difficulty recovering testifying monophyly reviews results, Ref.54). does mean archaea breakthrough provide exciting understand Phylogenetic odd Signature Proteins (ESPs) extensive proto-eukaryotes54. Studying reconstruct proto-eukaryotic lineage. proto-eukaryotes suggests thriving LECA environments, indicating shed light type environment inhabited cultivated Candidatus Prometheoarchaem synthrophicum, turned out dependent growth its physical association methanogenic archaeon55. tour force concluded publication genomics "most them, all, symbiotic interactions." tempting suggest facilitated interactions Asgard54. One live ectosymbionts today. search associations biotopes adventure young (or young) microbial ecologists54. assault three-domains concept, deny prokaryotic At 2020, heralded putting nail coffin. From 10,575 genomes, 381 markers, "1.16 trillions non amino-acids," separates shorter previously thought56. branches separating altogether. correct, there reason separate reunified domain, pre-Woese area. Looking cursorily claim, flaws conclusion. included 6 34 shared proteins. They is, instance, gyrase, recruited (Ref. 50 references therein). subsequently refuted Moody identified both paralogy Zhu colleagues49. noticed 14 include priori unbelievable aim measure distance 68 others 25% sampled Strikingly, (a prerequisite kind analysis) recovered 22 trees49. indicated that, transferred other. review, Refs.23, 57) confirmed recently using data, non-ribosomal proteins22, 48, Long lengths criterion determining besides widespread domains48, 58. Failure consider Weiss colleagues59. reported 355 supposed starting "6.1 million protein-coding genes" "286,514 clusters." showed metabolism similar Clostridia genome, "prokaryote" progenote. thrived high temperatures reverse enzymes found mesophiles hyperthermophiles, gyrases formed monophyletic analysis, them short, gyrase intermixed, domains58. reanalysis colleagues' Berkemer McGlynn 82% all), LUCA48. again underrepresented low diversity. looked arrived Using criteria represented distantly related phylums, 15–20 "LUCA" (unpublished observations). proteome table. scenarios origin

Language: Английский

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Studying the Human Microbiota: Advances in Understanding the Fundamentals, Origin, and Evolution of Biological Timekeeping

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(22), P. 16169 - 16169

Published: Nov. 10, 2023

The recently observed circadian oscillations of the intestinal microbiota underscore profound nature human-microbiome relationship and its importance for health. Together with discovery clocks in non-photosynthetic gut bacteria rhythms anucleated cells, these findings have indicated possibility that virtually all microorganisms may possess functional biological clocks. However, they also raised many essential questions concerning fundamentals timekeeping, evolution, origin. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview recent literature molecular chronobiology, aiming to bring together latest evidence on structure mechanisms driving microbial while pointing potential applications this knowledge medicine. Moreover, it discusses hypotheses regarding evolution timing describes functions peroxiredoxins cells their contribution cellular clockwork. diversity among various human-associated role transcriptional post-translational timekeeping are addressed. Finally, metabolic oscillators host-microbiome communication is presented.

Language: Английский

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Rational design of unrestricted pRN1 derivatives and their application in the construction of a dual plasmid vector system for Saccharolobus islandicus

mLife, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 3(1), P. 119 - 128

Published: March 1, 2024

Abstract Saccharolobus islandicus REY15A represents one of the very few archaeal models with versatile genetic tools, which include efficient genome editing, gene silencing, and robust protein expression systems. However, plasmid vectors constructed for this crenarchaeon thus far are based solely on pRN2 cryptic plasmid. Although coexists pRN1 in its original host, early attempts to test pRN1‐based consistently failed yield any stable host–vector system Sa. . We hypothesized that failure could be due occurrence CRISPR immunity against archaeon. identified a putative target sequence orf904 encoding replicase (target N1). Mutated targets (N1a, N1b, N1c) were then designed tested their capability escape host by using interference assay. The results revealed triggered archaeon, whereas all three mutated did not, indicating mutations evaded immunity. These incorporated into individually, yielding corresponding backbones shuttle plasmids (pN1aSD, pN1bSD, pN1cSD). transformation pN1aSD pN1bSD functional vectors, but pN1cSD lost replication. indicate missense conserved helicase domain pN1c inactivated replicase. further showed pRN2‐based stably maintained cells either alone or combination, yielded dual study important model.

Language: Английский

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The ‘LUCAN’ Concept, the Latest Universally Common Ancestral Network Stage of Early Life: From Molecular Cooperation and Horizontal Symbiosis to the Escape of Vertically Stabilized Lineages of Particulate Viral Propagules and Cellular Organisms

Published: May 9, 2024

The main objective is to offer a functionally coherent counter-narrative the polarized views prevailing now about complex ‘Eukaryogenesis problem’ versus “primitive” nature ascribed so-called “Prokaryotes” (termed Akaryotes herein). paradigm shift presented aims at bridging conceptual gap between rudimentary beginnings of biomolecular cooperativity on pristine Earth (the Origins Life or OoL) and lineage-wise diversification toward Darwinean speciation in Tree (or ToL). Although research field as whole not aware corresponding ‘Prokaryogenesis problem’, evolutionary process resulting partly independent archaeal bacterial cell types fully understood. present paper provides an explanation for these problems based coevolutionary complementarity multiple levels. unconventional model connects various stages from “neighborhood selection” film-like layers unbounded “surface protoplasm” short “statistical proteins”, via closely knit “peptide/RNA partnership” “making genes”, genomes” several RNA-to-DNA transitions. Three virus-related plasmids carrying different DNA replicases may have initiated vertical stability hereditable lineages that led three “domains” organismal life, with fourth lineage ending eukaryotic organelles. These transitions established late-comer fundamental biomolecules.

Language: Английский

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Phylogenomic analysis and the origin and early evolution of viruses

Elsevier eBooks, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 3 - 34

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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