Gastrointestinal and brain barriers: unlocking gates of communication across the microbiota–gut–brain axis

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 21(4), P. 222 - 247

Published: Feb. 14, 2024

Crosstalk between gut and brain has long been appreciated in health disease, the microbiota is a key player communication these two distant organs. Yet, mechanisms through which influences development function of gut–brain axis remain largely unknown. Barriers present are specialized cellular interfaces that maintain strict homeostasis different compartments across this axis. These barriers include epithelial barrier, blood–brain barrier blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier. ideally positioned to receive communicate microbial signals constituting gateway for gut–microbiota–brain communication. In Review, we focus on how modulation by can constitute an important channel Moreover, malfunction upon alterations composition could form basis various conditions, including often comorbid neurological gastrointestinal disorders. Thus, should unravelling molecular move from simplistic framing as 'leaky gut'. A mechanistic understanding barriers, especially during critical windows development, be aetiology The modulator This Review provides overview examines role disease.

Language: Английский

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Astrocyte Endfeet in Brain Function and Pathology: Open Questions

Annual Review of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 46(1), P. 101 - 121

Published: Feb. 28, 2023

Astrocyte endfeet enwrap the entire vascular tree within central nervous system, where they perform important functions in regulating blood-brain barrier (BBB), cerebral blood flow, nutrient uptake, and waste clearance. Accordingly, astrocyte contain specialized organelles proteins, including local protein translation machinery highly organized scaffold which anchor channels, transporters, receptors, enzymes critical for astrocyte-vascular interactions. Many neurological diseases are characterized by loss of polarization specific endfoot dysregulation, BBB disruption, altered clearance, or, extreme cases, coverage. A role has been demonstrated or postulated many these conditions. This review provides an overview development, composition, function, pathological changes highlights gaps our knowledge that future research should address.

Language: Английский

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Shaping the brain vasculature in development and disease in the single-cell era

Nature reviews. Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(5), P. 271 - 298

Published: March 20, 2023

Language: Английский

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Oxidative stress, the blood–brain barrier and neurodegenerative diseases: The critical beneficial role of dietary antioxidants

Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(10), P. 3988 - 4024

Published: July 16, 2023

In recent years, growing awareness of the role oxidative stress in brain health has prompted antioxidants, especially dietary to receive attention as possible treatments strategies for patients with neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). The most widely studied antioxidants include active substances such vitamins, carotenoids, flavonoids and polyphenols. Dietary are found usually consumed foods fresh fruits, vegetables, nuts oils gaining popularity due recently their potential preventive protective agents against NDs, well abundant natural sources, generally non-toxic nature, ease long-term consumption. This review article examines development explores ‘two-sidedness’ blood–brain barrier (BBB) a nervous system an impeding use drug medicinal products and/or supplements prevention therapy reviews BBB permeability common suplements efficacy treatment NDs. Finally, current challenges future directions NDs using discussed, useful information on is provided.

Language: Английский

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Microplastics in the bloodstream can induce cerebral thrombosis by causing cell obstruction and lead to neurobehavioral abnormalities

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 11(4)

Published: Jan. 22, 2025

Human health is being threatened by environmental microplastic (MP) pollution. MPs were detected in the bloodstream and multiple tissues of humans, disrupting regular physiological processes organs. Nanoscale plastics can breach blood-brain barrier, leading to neurotoxic effects. How cause brain functional irregularities remains unclear. This work uses high-depth imaging techniques investigate within vivo. We show that circulating are phagocytosed lead these cells obstruction capillaries cortex. These blockages as thrombus formation reduced blood flow neurological abnormalities mice. Our data reveal a mechanism which disrupt tissue function indirectly through regulation cell interference with local circulation, rather than direct penetration. revelation offers lens comprehend toxicological implications invade bloodstream.

Language: Английский

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Postnatal development of cerebrovascular structure and the neurogliovascular unit

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Developmental Biology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 9(2)

Published: Oct. 1, 2019

Abstract The unceasing metabolic demands of brain function are supported by an intricate three‐dimensional network arterioles, capillaries, and venules, designed to effectively distribute blood all neurons provide shelter from harmful molecules in the blood. development maturation this microvasculature involves a complex interplay between endothelial cells with nearly other cell types (pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, neurons), orchestrated throughout embryogenesis first few weeks after birth mice. Both expansion regression vascular networks occur during postnatal period cerebrovascular remodeling. Pial on surface dense at then selectively pruned period, most dramatic changes occurring pial venular network. This is contrasted subsurface capillary through induction angiogenesis. Concurrent structure, integration cross talk neurovascular lead establishment blood–brain barrier integrity coupling ensure precise control macromolecular passage supply. While we still possess limited understanding rules that development, can begin assemble view how process evolves, as well identify gaps knowledge for next steps research. article categorized under: Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: Regional Vertebrate Organogenesis Musculoskeletal Vascular General Principles

Language: Английский

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Living on the Edge of the CNS: Meninges Cell Diversity in Health and Disease

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: July 1, 2021

The meninges are the fibrous covering of central nervous system (CNS) which contain vastly heterogeneous cell types within its three layers (dura, arachnoid, and pia). dural compartment meninges, closest to skull, is predominantly composed fibroblasts, but also includes fenestrated blood vasculature, an elaborate lymphatic system, as well immune cells distinct from CNS. Segregating outer inner meningeal compartments epithelial-like arachnoid barrier cells, connected by tight adherens junctions, regulate movement pathogens, molecules, into out cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) brain parenchyma. Most proximate collagen basement membrane-rich pia matter that abuts glial limitans has recently be shown have regional heterogeneity developing mouse brain. While were historically seen a purely structural support for CNS protection trauma, emerging view essential interface between periphery, critical development, required homeostasis, involved in variety diseases. In this review, we will summarize what known regarding specification, maturation during homeostatic conditions discuss rapidly evidence specific play differential important roles pathophysiology myriad diseases including: multiple sclerosis, dementia, stroke, viral/bacterial meningitis, traumatic injury, cancer. We conclude with list major questions mechanisms remain unknown, study represent new, future directions field biology.

Language: Английский

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Neurovascular Coupling in Development and Disease: Focus on Astrocytes

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: July 12, 2021

Neurovascular coupling is a crucial mechanism that matches the high energy demand of brain with supply substrates from blood. Signaling within neurovascular unit responsible for activity-dependent changes in cerebral blood flow. The strength and reliability form basis non-invasive human neuroimaging techniques, including oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging. Interestingly, BOLD signals are negative infants, indicating mismatch between metabolism flow upon neural activation; this response opposite observed healthy adults where activity evokes large oversupply Negative has also been rodents at early postnatal stages, further implying process matures during development. This rationale consistent morphological maturation unit, which occurs over similar time frame. While neurons differentiate before birth, astrocytes postnatally their complex morphology first few weeks life links them synapses vasculature. vascular network incomplete neonates parallel astrocytes. Here, we review timeline structural special emphasis on tree what it implies coupling. We discuss similarities immature development reactive disease, relevant to Finally, close by pointing out current gaps knowledge must be addressed fully elucidate mechanisms underlying maturation, expectation may clarify astrocyte-dependent cerebrovascular impairment neurodegenerative conditions reduced or noted, such as stroke Alzheimer’s disease.

Language: Английский

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Astrocytes in the regulation of cerebrovascular functions

Glia, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 69(4), P. 817 - 841

Published: Oct. 15, 2020

Astrocytes are the most numerous type of neuroglia in brain and have a predominant influence on cerebrovascular system; they control perivascular homeostasis, integrity blood-brain barrier, dialogue with peripheral immune system, transfer metabolites from blood, blood vessel contractility response to neuronal activity. These regulatory processes occur specialized interface composed astrocyte extensions that almost completely cover cerebral vessels. Scientists only recently started study how this is formed it influences functions. Here, we review literature astrocytes' role regulation system. We anatomy development gliovascular interface, known functions, molecular factors, latter's implication certain pathophysiological situations, recent cutting-edge experimental tools developed examine at vascular interface. Finally, highlight some open questions field research.

Language: Английский

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Imaging the construction of capillary networks in the neonatal mouse brain

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 118(26)

Published: June 25, 2021

Significance The distribution of blood throughout the brain is facilitated by highly interconnected capillary networks. However, steps involved in construction these networks has remained unclear. We used vivo two-photon imaging through noninvasive cranial windows to study engineering cerebral cortex mouse neonates. find that angiogenic activity originates at ascending venules, which undergo a burst sprouting second postnatal week. This first establishes long paths connect venules input from neighboring arterioles, and then expands interconnectivity with multitude short-range connections. Our provides an experimental foundation understand how are shaped living mammalian during development.

Language: Английский

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