Isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles and future directions in diagnosis and therapy

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: July 27, 2022

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a unique and heterogeneous class of lipid bilayer nanoparticles secreted by most cells. EVs regarded as important mediators intercellular communication in both prokaryotic eukaryotic cells due to their ability transfer proteins, lipids nucleic acids recipient In addition physiological role, recognized modulators pathological processes such cancer, infectious diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, providing new potential targets for diagnosis therapeutic intervention. For complete understanding universal cellular biological system its translational applications, optimal techniques isolation characterization required. Here, we review recent progress those techniques, from methods techniques. With interest applications growing, address fundamental points EV-related cell biology, uptake mechanisms biodistribution tissues well challenges application drug carriers or biomarkers less invasive immunogens. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing Therapeutic Approaches Drug Discovery Nanomedicine Oncologic Disease Infectious Disease.

Language: Английский

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A comprehensive review on recent advances in exosome isolation and characterization: Toward clinical applications

Translational Oncology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 50, P. 102121 - 102121

Published: Sept. 14, 2024

Language: Английский

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Therapeutic potential of RNA-enriched extracellular vesicles: The next generation in RNA delivery via biogenic nanoparticles

Molecular Therapy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 32(9), P. 2939 - 2949

Published: Feb. 27, 2024

Language: Английский

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The role and applications of extracellular vesicles in osteoporosis

Bone Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: Jan. 23, 2024

Abstract Osteoporosis is a widely observed condition characterized by the systemic deterioration of bone mass and microarchitecture, which increases patient susceptibility to fragile fractures. The intricate mechanisms governing homeostasis are substantially impacted extracellular vesicles (EVs), play crucial roles in both pathological physiological contexts. EVs derived from various sources exert distinct effects on osteoporosis. Specifically, released osteoblasts, endothelial cells, myocytes, mesenchymal stem cells contribute formation due their unique cargo proteins, miRNAs, cytokines. Conversely, secreted osteoclasts immune promote resorption inhibit formation. Furthermore, use as therapeutic modalities or biomaterials for diagnosing managing osteoporosis promising. Here, we review current understanding impact homeostasis, including classification biogenesis regulatory present an overview latest research progress treating using EVs. Finally, discuss challenges prospects translational

Language: Английский

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Unveiling clinical applications of bacterial extracellular vesicles as natural nanomaterials in disease diagnosis and therapeutics

Acta Biomaterialia, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 180, P. 18 - 45

Published: April 17, 2024

Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) are naturally occurring bioactive membrane-bound nanoparticles released by both gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial species, exhibiting a multifaceted role in mediating host-microbe interactions across various physiological conditions. Increasing evidence supports BEVs as essential mediators of cell-to-cell communicaiton, influencing pathogenicity, disease mechanisms, modulating the host immune response. However, extent to which these BEV-mediated actions can be leveraged predict onset, guide treatment strategies, determine clinical outcomes remains uncertain, particularly terms their translation potentials. This review briefly describes BEV biogenesis internalisation recipient cells summarises methods for isolation characterization, understanding composition cargo. Further, it discusses potential biofluid-associated biomarkers diseases, spanning cancer non-cancerous Following this, we outline ongoing human trials using vaccine development. In addition diagnostics, this explores emerging research natural or engineered smart nanomaterials applications anti-cancer therapy bone regeneration. discussion extends key factors unlocking BEVs, such standardization characterisation, well other hurdles translating findings setting. We propose that addressing through collaborative efforts well-designed holds fully harnessing BEVs. As field advances, suggests BEV-based nanomedicine has revolutionize management, paving way innovative diagnosis, therapeutics, personalized medicine approaches. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Extracellular (EVs) from bacteria serve multifunctional biomaterials fields biomedicine, bioengineering, biomaterials. majority current studies focus on host-derived EVs, leaving gap comprehensive bacteria-derived EVs (BEVs). Although offer an attractive option drug delivery systems, unique nanostructure easy-to-modify functions make them method diagnosis Our work among pioneering investigating nanobiomaterials plays crucial development diseases therapeutic interventions.

Language: Английский

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Therapeutic Applications of Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(6), P. 3562 - 3562

Published: March 21, 2024

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin, ranging from 30 to 150 nm in diameter, that mediate intercellular transfer various biomolecules, such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and metabolites. They modulate the functions recipient cells participate diverse physiological pathological processes, immune responses, cell-cell communication, carcinogenesis, viral infection. Stem (SCs) pluripotent or multipotent can differentiate into cell types. SCs also secrete exosomes, which exhibit remarkable therapeutic potential for diseases, especially field regenerative medicine. For example, exosomes derived mesenchymal stem (MSCs) contain miRNAs ameliorate endocrine disorders, diabetes cancer. (sc-exos) may offer similar advantages SCs, but with reduced risks challenges. Sc-exos have lower tumorigenicity, immunogenicity, infectivity. deliver drugs more efficiently penetrate deeper tissues. In this review, we provide an overview recent advances sc-exos their applications We elucidate how biological effects depend on molecular composition. address current challenges future directions using sc-exos.

Language: Английский

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The application of extracellular vesicles in orthopedic diseases

Deleted Journal, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 2(3)

Published: March 13, 2024

Abstract Orthopedic diseases, such as osteoarthritis and fractures, place a significant burden on individuals healthcare systems worldwide. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are membrane‐derived particles, have emerged novel tool in the field of orthopedics. EVs play crucial role diagnosing, regenerating, treating orthopedic diseases. In terms diagnosis, serve potential biomarkers, carrying unique donor cell information circulating effectively bodily fluids. Specific biomolecules within EVs, including proteins, nucleic acids, microRNAs, hold promise biological markers for early detection monitoring shown promoting bone cartilage regeneration. They can enhance tissue regeneration by stimulating various stem cells to proliferate, migrate, differentiate into mature chondrocytes osteocytes. also target specific tissues, making them attractive candidates drug delivery efficiently deliver therapeutic cargo, anti‐inflammatory agents growth factors, affected sites, enhancing treatment efficacy while minimizing toxicity adverse effects. conclusion,

Language: Английский

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Tumor-derived systems as novel biomedical tools—turning the enemy into an ally

Biomaterials Research, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 27(1)

Published: Feb. 9, 2023

Cancer is a complex illness that presents significant challenges in its understanding and treatment. The classic definition, "a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth spread abnormal cells body," fails to convey intricate interaction between many entities involved cancer. Recent advancements field cancer research have shed light on role played individual tumor microenvironment as whole development progression. This breakthrough enables utilization components biological tools, opening new possibilities. article delves deeply into concept "tumor-derived systems", an umbrella term for tools sourced from aid combatting it. It includes cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (for theranostics), extracellular vesicles diagnosis/therapy), lysates vaccine development), engineered cells/organoids research). review seeks offer complete overview tumor-derived materials are utilized research, well their current stages implementation. aimed primarily at researchers working interface biology biomedical engineering, it provides vital insights this fast-growing topic.

Language: Английский

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The Regulation of Exosome Generation and Function in Physiological and Pathological Processes

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 25(1), P. 255 - 255

Published: Dec. 23, 2023

Exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicle with diameter approximately 100 nm that is secreted by all cells, regulate the phenotype and function recipient cells carrying molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids are important mediators intercellular communication. Exosomes involved in various physiological pathological processes immunomodulation, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, metastasis, chemoresistance. Due to their excellent properties, exosomes have shown potential application clinical diagnosis treatment disease. The functions depend on biogenesis, uptake, composition. Thus, deeper understanding these regulatory mechanisms can help find new targets for disease therapy. Therefore, this review summarizes integrates recent advances entire biological process exosomes, starting from formation early-sorting endosomes (ESCs) plasma membrane invagination release fusion multivesicular bodies (MVBs) membrane, well interactions between cells. We also describe discuss exosome production tumor used cancer

Language: Английский

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Strategies for Engineering of Extracellular Vesicles

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(17), P. 13247 - 13247

Published: Aug. 26, 2023

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane released by cells into the extracellular space. EVs mediate cell-to-cell communication through local and systemic transportation of biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, transcription factors, cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, lipids, organelles within human body. gained a particular interest from cancer biology scientists because their role in modulation tumor microenvironment delivering bioactive molecules. In this respect, represent an attractive therapeutic target means for drug delivery. The advantages include biocompatibility, small size, low immunogenicity. However, there several limitations that restrict widespread use therapy, namely, specificity payload capacity. Thus, order to enhance efficacy delivery specificity, surface composition should be modified accordingly. review, we describe various approaches engineering EVs, further discuss disadvantages promote application clinical practice.

Language: Английский

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