Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components

European Journal of Nutrition, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 57(1), P. 1 - 24

Published: April 9, 2017

The diverse microbial community that inhabits the human gut has an extensive metabolic repertoire is distinct from, but complements activity of mammalian enzymes in liver and mucosa includes functions essential for host digestion. As such, microbiota a key factor shaping biochemical profile diet and, therefore, its impact on health disease. important role appears to play metabolism stimulated research into identification specific microorganisms involved different processes, elucidation pathways, particularly those associated with dietary components some host-generated substances. In first part review, we discuss main microorganisms, bacteria, pathways carbohydrates (to short chain fatty acids gases), proteins, plant polyphenols, bile acids, vitamins. second review focuses methodologies, existing novel, can be employed explore metabolism. These include mathematical models, omics techniques, isolated microbes, enzyme assays.

Language: Английский

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NMR Spectroscopy for Metabolomics Research

Metabolites, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 9(7), P. 123 - 123

Published: June 27, 2019

Over the past two decades, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has emerged as one of three principal analytical techniques used in metabolomics (the other being gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid with single-stage (LC-MS)). The relative ease sample preparation, ability quantify metabolite levels, high level experimental reproducibility, inherently nondestructive nature NMR spectroscopy have made it preferred platform for long-term or large-scale clinical metabolomic studies. These advantages, however, are often outweighed by fact that most techniques, including both LC-MS GC-MS, more sensitive than NMR, lower limits detection typically 10 100 times better. This review is intended introduce readers field NMR-based highlight advantages disadvantages It will also explore some unique strengths metabolomics, particularly regard isotope selection/detection, mixture deconvolution via 2D spectroscopy, automation, noninvasively analyze native tissue specimens. Finally, this a number emerging technologies strengthen its utility overcome inherent limitations applications.

Language: Английский

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Metabolite Measurement: Pitfalls to Avoid and Practices to Follow

Annual Review of Biochemistry, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 86(1), P. 277 - 304

Published: June 20, 2017

Metabolites are the small biological molecules involved in energy conversion and biosynthesis. Studying metabolism is inherently challenging due to metabolites’ reactivity, structural diversity, broad concentration range. Herein, we review common pitfalls encountered metabolomics provide concrete guidelines for obtaining accurate metabolite measurements, focusing on water-soluble primary metabolites. We show how seemingly straightforward sample preparation methods can introduce systematic errors (e.g., owing interconversion among metabolites) proper selection of quenching solvent acidic acetonitrile:methanol:water) mitigate such problems. discuss specific strengths, pitfalls, best practices each analytical platform: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gas (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), enzyme assays. Together this information provides a pragmatic knowledge base carrying out biologically informative measurements.

Language: Английский

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Advances and Trends in Omics Technology Development

Frontiers in Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: July 1, 2022

The human history has witnessed the rapid development of technologies such as high-throughput sequencing and mass spectrometry that led to concept “omics” methodological advancement in systematically interrogating a cellular system. Yet, ever-growing types molecules regulatory mechanisms being discovered have been persistently transforming our understandings on machinery. This renders cell omics seemingly, like universe, expand with no limit goal toward complete harness system merely impossible. Therefore, it is imperative review what done predict can be translation information disease control minimal perturbation. With focus “four big omics,” i.e., genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, we delineate hierarchies these together their epiomics interactomics, developed for interrogation. We predict, among others, redoxomics an emerging layer views decision physiological or pathological state fine-tuned redox balance.

Language: Английский

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Advancing functional and translational microbiome research using meta-omics approaches

Microbiome, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: Dec. 1, 2019

The gut microbiome has emerged as an important factor affecting human health and disease. recent development of –omics approaches, including phylogenetic marker-based profiling, shotgun metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics, metabolomics, enabled efficient characterization microbial communities. These techniques can provide strain-level taxonomic resolution the taxa present in microbiomes, assess potential functions encoded by community quantify metabolic activities occurring within a complex microbiome. application these meta-omics approaches to clinical samples identified species, pathways, metabolites that are associated with treatment diseases. findings have further facilitated microbiome-targeted drug discovery efforts improve management. Recent vitro vivo investigations uncovered presence extensive drug-microbiome interactions. interactions also been shown be contributors disparate patient responses often observed during disease therapy. Therefore, developing or frameworks enable rapid screening, detailed evaluation, accurate prediction drug/host-microbiome is critically modern era research precision medicine. Here we review current status techniques, integrative multi-omics for characterizing microbiome's functionality context We summarize discuss new applying assays study Lastly, exemplify strategies implementing microbiome-based medicines using high throughput assays.

Language: Английский

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Metabolomic profiles predict individual multidisease outcomes

Nature Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 28(11), P. 2309 - 2320

Published: Sept. 22, 2022

Abstract Risk stratification is critical for the early identification of high-risk individuals and disease prevention. Here we explored potential nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-derived metabolomic profiles to inform on multidisease risk beyond conventional clinical predictors onset 24 common conditions, including metabolic, vascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal neurological diseases cancers. Specifically, trained a neural network learn disease-specific states from 168 circulating metabolic markers measured in 117,981 participants with ~1.4 million person-years follow-up UK Biobank validated model four independent cohorts. We found be associated incident event rates all investigated except breast cancer. For 10-year outcome prediction 15 endpoints, without established contribution, combination age sex state equaled or outperformed predictors. Moreover, added predictive information over comprehensive variables eight diseases, type 2 diabetes, dementia heart failure. Decision curve analyses showed that improvements translated into utility wide range decision thresholds. Taken together, our study demonstrates both limitations NMR-derived as assay many simultaneously.

Language: Английский

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Navigating freely-available software tools for metabolomics analysis

Metabolomics, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 13(9)

Published: Aug. 9, 2017

Language: Английский

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Biomarkers for type 2 diabetes

Molecular Metabolism, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 27, P. S139 - S146

Published: Sept. 1, 2019

The prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D), representing >90% all cases diabetes, are increasing rapidly worldwide. Identification individuals at high risk developing is great importance as early interventions might delay or even prevent full-blown disease. T2D a complex disease caused by multiple genetic loci in interplay with lifestyle environmental factors. Recently over 400 distinct association signals were published; these explain 18% the T2D. In this review there major focus on factors non-genetic biomarkers for identified especially large prospective population-based studies, studies testing causality Mendelian randomization studies. Another understanding genome-phenome classification into subgroups. Several recent their meta-analyses have potential Combination variants physiologically characterized pathways improves subgroups, also paving way to precision medicine approach,

Language: Английский

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NMR metabolomics: A look ahead

Journal of Magnetic Resonance, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 306, P. 155 - 161

Published: July 11, 2019

Language: Английский

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Variation of lignocellulosic biomass structure from torrefaction: A critical review

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 152, P. 111698 - 111698

Published: Sept. 28, 2021

In recent years, torrefaction, a kind of biomass thermal pretreatment technology, has received great deal attention due to its effective upgrading performance biomass. Recent studies have also suggested that the quality syngas and bio-oil (or biocrude) from pyrolysis, gasification, liquefaction torrefied can be effectively improved. Torrefaction changes structure biomass, degree this change depends strongly on severity torrefaction process. To better understanding impact structure, study aims provide comprehensive in-depth review advances topic. Particular is paid analysis through thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance. From these analyses, degradation characteristics hemicelluloses, cellulose, lignin, other components in recognized. addition elaboration variation future challenges perspectives are underlined. The insights provided conducive further applications for sustainable biofuel production.

Language: Английский

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