Neutrophils and the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(17), P. 13469 - 13469

Published: Aug. 30, 2023

We are not entirely able to understand, assess, and modulate the functioning of immune system in clinical situations that lead a systemic inflammatory response. In search for diagnostic treatment strategies (which still far from perfect), it became very important study pathogenesis participation endogenous inflammation mediators. This attempts more precisely establish role neutrophils individual phenomena occurring during an anti-inflammatory reaction, taking into account their cidal, immunoregulatory, reparative abilities. Pro- anticoagulatory properties endothelium response syndrome (SIRS) emphasised, along with resulting implications (the application immunotherapy using mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) or IL-6 antagonists sepsis COVID-19 treatment, among others). Special attention is paid reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced by activated “respiratory burst” course SIRS; protective pathogenic these mediators highlighted. Moreover, clinically useful biomarkers SIRS (neutrophil extracellular traps, cell-free DNA, DAMP, TREMs, NGAL, miRNA, selected cytokines, ROS, recognised markers endothelial damage group adhesins means immunohistochemical techniques) related presented, diagnosing forecasting sepsis, burn disease, emphasised. Finally, examples immunomodulation antioxidative thermal injury therapy presented.

Language: Английский

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Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Post-Spinal-Cord-Injury Anxiety and Depression: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications

ACS Chemical Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(1), P. 56 - 70

Published: Dec. 18, 2023

The majority of research on the long-term effects spinal cord injury (SCI) has primarily focused neuropathic pain (NP), psychological issues, and sensorimotor impairments. Among SCI patients, mood disorders, such as anxiety depression, have been extensively studied. It found that chronic stress NP negative consequences reduce quality life for individuals living with SCI. Our review examined both human experimental evidence to explore connection between changes following inflammatory pathways, a specific focus NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. We observed increased proinflammatory factors in blood, well brain tissues models. plays crucial role various diseases by controlling release molecules like interleukin 1β (IL-1β) IL-18. Dysregulation key regions associated processing, prefrontal cortex hippocampus, contributes development disorders In this review, we summarized recent expression regulation components related signaling Finally, discussed potential therapeutic approaches target regulate cytokines way treat

Language: Английский

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Detrimental Roles of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α in Severe Hypoxic Brain Diseases

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(8), P. 4465 - 4465

Published: April 18, 2024

Hypoxia stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), facilitating adaptation to hypoxic conditions. Appropriate hypoxia is pivotal for neurovascular regeneration and immune cell mobilization. However, in central nervous system (CNS) injury, prolonged severe harms the brain by triggering inflammation, oxidative stress, glial activation, vascular damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, death. Diminished improves cognitive function individuals with CNS injuries. This review discusses current evidence regarding contribution of injuries, an emphasis on HIF-1α-mediated pathways. During CNS, HIF-1α facilitates inflammasome formation, presents molecular mechanisms which involved pathogenesis such as stroke, traumatic Alzheimer’s disease. Deciphering will contribute development therapeutic strategies diseases.

Language: Английский

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Crosstalk between gut microbiota and host immune system and its response to traumatic injury

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: July 31, 2024

Millions of microorganisms make up the complex microbial ecosystem found in human gut. The immune system's interaction with gut microbiota is essential for preventing inflammation and maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Numerous metabolic products that can cross-talk between cells epithelium are metabolized by microbiota. Traumatic injury elicits a great multifaceted response minutes after initial offense, containing simultaneous pro- anti-inflammatory responses. development innovative therapies improve patient outcomes depends on immunological responses to trauma. altered makeup microbes, or dysbiosis, also dysregulate responses, resulting inflammation. Major diseases may become more common as result chronic dysbiosis translocation bacteria their metabolism beyond mucosal barrier. In this review, we briefly summarize interactions system disease therapeutic probiotic formulations. We discuss traumatic injury.

Language: Английский

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The role of complement in tumor immune tolerance and drug resistance: a double-edged sword

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: Jan. 31, 2025

The domain of cancer treatment has persistently been confronted with significant challenges, including those associated recurrence and drug resistance. complement system, which serves as the foundation innate immune exhibits intricate nuanced dual characteristics in evolution tumors. On one hand, system capacity to directly inhibit cell proliferation via specific pathways, thereby exerting a beneficial anti-tumor effect. Conversely, can also facilitate establishment an escape barrier for cells through non-complement-mediated mechanisms, protecting them from eradication. Concurrently, be implicated emergence resistance multitude complex or indirectly reducing efficacy therapeutic interventions facilitating progression cancer. This paper analyses role tumors reviews recent research advances mechanisms tumor tolerance

Language: Английский

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Dampening the DAMPs: How Plants Maintain the Homeostasis of Cell Wall Molecular Patterns and Avoid Hyper-Immunity

Frontiers in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Dec. 17, 2020

Several oligosaccharide fragments derived from plant cell walls activate immunity and behave as typical damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Some of them also negative regulators growth development, due to their antithetic effect on growth, concentrations, activity, time formation, localization is critical for the so-called “growth-defense trade-off.” Moreover, like in animals, over accumulation DAMPs plants provokes deleterious physiological effects may cause hyper-immunity if cellular mechanisms controlling homeostasis fail. Recently, a mechanism has been discovered that controls activity two well-known DAMPs, oligogalacturonides (OGs), released upon hydrolysis homogalacturonan (HG), cellodextrins (CDs), products cellulose breakdown. The potential homeostatic involves specific oxidases belonging family berberine bridge enzyme-like (BBE-like) proteins. Oxidation OGs CDs not only inactivates DAMP but makes significantly less desirable food source microbial pathogens. evidence oxidation inactivation be general strategy discussed. possibility exists discovering additional oxidative and/or inactivating enzymes targeting other molecules both animal kingdoms.

Language: Английский

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Use of DAMPs and SAMPs as Therapeutic Targets or Therapeutics: A Note of Caution

Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 24(3), P. 251 - 262

Published: April 4, 2020

Language: Английский

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Extracellular Vesicles and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns: A Pandora’s Box in Health and Disease

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Nov. 16, 2020

Sterile inflammation develops as part of an innate immunity response to molecules released upon tissue injury and collectively indicated damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). While coordinating the clearance potential harmful stimuli, promotion repair, restoration homeostasis, a hyper-activation such inflammatory may be detrimental. The complex regulatory pathways modulating DAMPs generation trafficking are actively investigated for their provide relevant insights into physiological pathological conditions. Abnormal circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) stemming from altered endosomal-lysosomal system have also been reported in several age-related conditions, including cancer neurodegeneration, promising route therapeutic purposes. Along this pathway, mitochondria dispose components preserve organelle homeostasis. However, whether common thread exists between EVs is yet clarified. A deeper understanding highly complex, dynamic, variable intracellular EVs, those mitochondrial origin, needed unveil pathogenic novel targets drug development. Herein, we describe mechanisms mitochondrial-derived along endocytic pathway discuss involvement neurodegeneration (i.e., Alzheimer's Parkinson's disease).

Language: Английский

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C‐Reactive Protein: Marker of risk for post‐traumatic stress disorder and its potential for a mechanistic role in trauma response and recovery

European Journal of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 55(9-10), P. 2297 - 2310

Published: Nov. 1, 2020

Abstract Increasing evidence indicates that inflammation plays a role in PTSD and stress disorder pathophysiology. is consistently associated with higher circulating inflammatory protein levels. Rodent models demonstrate promotes enduring avoidance arousal behaviors after severe stressors (e.g., predator exposure social defeat), suggesting may play mechanistic trauma disorders. C‐reactive (CRP) an innate acute phase reactant produced by the liver infection chronic disease. A growing number of investigations report associations diagnosis elevated peripheral CRP, CRP gene mutations, expression changes immune signaling pathways. reasonably established as potential marker exposure, but if how it unclear. In this review, we discuss current understanding mechanisms particular focus on factor, CRP. We found although there consistent association symptoms risk, paucity data might contribute to CNS PTSD, consequently, symptoms. through which could modulate responses, along future areas investigation probing other factors modulating responses. Overall, likely contributes central inflammation, does so area for further study.

Language: Английский

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Immunomodulation for optimal cardiac regeneration: insights from comparative analyses

npj Regenerative Medicine, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: Feb. 15, 2021

Abstract Despite decades of research, regeneration the infarcted human heart remains an unmet ambition. A significant obstacle facing experimental regenerative therapies is hostile immune response which arises following a myocardial infarction (MI). Upon cardiac damage, sterile inflammation commences via release pro-inflammatory meditators, leading to migration neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes, as well activation local vascular cells fibroblasts. This amplified by components adaptive system. Moreover, physical trauma immune-mediated tissue injury provides supply autoantigens, perpetuating cycle autoreactivity, further contributes adverse remodelling. gradual shift towards immune-resolving environment follows, culminating in formation collagenous scar, compromises function, ultimately driving development failure. Comparing with those animal models that are capable reveals key differences innate responses MI. By modulating better resemble species, may be established would, either independently or synergistic application emerging therapies, improve functional recovery post-MI.

Language: Английский

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