Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Comorbidities, and Emerging Therapies

Comprehensive physiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

ABSTRACT Humans are perhaps evolutionarily engineered to get deeply addicted sugar, as it not only provides energy but also helps in storing fats, which survival during starvation. Additionally, sugars (glucose and fructose) stimulate the feel‐good factor, they trigger secretion of serotonin dopamine brain, associated with reward sensation, uplifting mood general. However, when consumed excess, contributes imbalance, weight gain, obesity, leading onset a complex metabolic disorder, generally referred diabetes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one most prevalent forms diabetes, nearly affecting all age groups. T2DM clinically diagnosed cardinal sign chronic hyperglycemia (excessive sugar blood). Chronic hyperglycemia, coupled dysfunctions pancreatic β‐cells, insulin resistance, immune inflammation, further exacerbate pathology T2DM. Uncontrolled T2DM, major public health concern, significantly toward progression several micro‐ macrovascular diseases, such diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular including cancer. The current review discusses epidemiology, causative factors, pathophysiology, comorbidities, existing emerging therapies related It future roadmap for alternative drug discovery management

Language: Английский

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Global trends in the incidence of hospital admissions for diabetes-related foot disease and amputations: a review of national rates in the 21st century

Diabetologia, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 66(2), P. 267 - 287

Published: Dec. 13, 2022

Language: Английский

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Chinese and Global Burdens of Gastrointestinal Cancers From 1990 to 2019

Frontiers in Public Health, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: July 13, 2022

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are an important component of the tumor. This study aimed to investigate burden six major GI in China and globally from 1990 2019.We conducted a cross-sectional based on Global Burden Disease Study (GBD) 2019. Indicators incidence, deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), risk factors for esophageal, stomach, liver, pancreatic, colon rectum, gallbladder biliary tract were collected analyzed time trends. The contribution each cancer proportion cases among global further reported.Global incidence cases, death DALYs showed overall ascending trend over past 30 years, but there was temporal geographical variation across types. By 2019, rectum had overtaken stomach as most burdensome globally. However, narrowly continued be China. In addition, increased. It noteworthy that liver has been alleviated significantly.GI remain public health problem Despite geographic diversity different cancers, targeted primary secondary prevention still necessary future face these unknown challenges.

Language: Английский

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Age-specific population attributable risk factors for all-cause and cause-specific mortality in type 2 diabetes: An analysis of a 6-year prospective cohort study of over 360,000 people in Hong Kong

PLoS Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 20(1), P. e1004173 - e1004173

Published: Jan. 30, 2023

Background The prevalence of type 2 diabetes has increased in both young and old people. We examined age-specific associations population attributable fractions (PAFs) risk factors for all-cause cause-specific mortality people with diabetes. Methods findings analysed data from 360,202 Chinese who participated a territory-wide complication screening programme Hong Kong between January 2000 December 2019. compared the hazard ratios PAFs eight factors, including three major comorbidities (cardiovascular disease [CVD], chronic kidney [CKD], all-site cancer) five modifiable (suboptimal HbA1c, suboptimal blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, smoking, weight), across four age groups (18 to 54, 55 64, 65 74, ≥75 years). During median 6.0 years follow-up, 44,396 died, cancer, CVD, pneumonia being leading causes death. Despite higher absolute older (crude rate: 59.7 versus 596.2 per 10,000 person-years aged 18 54 those years), relative associated most was younger than people, after mutually adjusting other potential confounders sex, duration, lipid profile, medication use. explained larger proportion events youngest (PAF: 51.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI] [39.1%, 64.0%], p < 0.001) oldest 35.3%, CI [27.2%, 43.4%], group. Suboptimal pressure 16.9%, [14.7%, 19.1%], factor group, while CKD 15.2%, [14.0%, 16.4%], CVD 9.2%, [8.3%, 10.1%], were analysis restricted Chinese, which might affect generalisability global differences profiles. Furthermore, estimated under assumption causal relationship mortality. However, reliable causality difficult establish observational study. Conclusions Major greater their burden varied substantially by age. These highlight importance early control could reduce premature prevent onset later related at ages.

Language: Английский

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Protective effect of melatonin against metabolic disorders and neuropsychiatric injuries in type 2 diabetes mellitus mice

Phytomedicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 131, P. 155805 - 155805

Published: June 4, 2024

Language: Английский

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