Plant Extracellular Vesicles: Current Landscape and Future Directions

Plants, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(24), P. 4141 - 4141

Published: Dec. 12, 2023

Plant cells secrete membrane-enclosed micrometer- and nanometer-sized vesicles that, similarly to the extracellular (EVs) released by mammalian or bacterial cells, carry a complex molecular cargo of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, primary secondary metabolites. While it is technically complicated isolate EVs from whole plants their tissues, in vitro plant cell cultures provide excellent model systems for study. have been isolated conditioned culture media cell, pollen, hairy root, protoplast cultures, recent studies gathered important structural biological data that framework decipher physiological roles unveil previously unacknowledged links diverse functions. The function seems be secretion underlies growth morphogenesis, wall composition, cell-cell communication processes. Besides functions, may participate defence mechanisms against different pathogens, including fungi, viruses, bacteria. Whereas edible medicinal-plant-derived nanovesicles homogenised materials ex vivo are widely studied exploited, today, EV research still its infancy. This review, first time, highlights sources used EVs, together with investigate cargo, pinpoints possible role as mediators plant-pathogen interactions, which contribute opening up new scenarios agricultural applications, biotechnology, innovative strategies disease management.

Language: Английский

---

Diverse plant RNAs coat Arabidopsis leaves and are distinct from apoplastic RNAs

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 122(1)

Published: Jan. 3, 2025

Transgenic expression of a double-stranded RNA in plants can induce silencing homologous mRNAs fungal pathogens. Although such host-induced gene is well documented, the molecular mechanisms by which RNAs move from cytoplasm plant cells across plasma membrane both host cell and are poorly understood. Indirect evidence suggests that this transfer may occur at very early stage infection process, prior to breach wall, suggesting might be secreted onto leaf surfaces. To assess whether Arabidopsis possess mechanism for secreting surfaces, we developed protocol isolating surface separately intercellular (apoplastic) RNA. This yielded abundant displayed an banding pattern distinct apoplastic RNA, it directly rather than exuded through stomata or hydathodes. Notably, was not associated with either extracellular vesicles protein complexes; however, species longer 100 nucleotides could pelleted ultracentrifugation. Furthermore, pelleting inhibited divalent cation chelator EGTA, these form condensates on surface. These derived almost exclusively Arabidopsis, but come diverse genomic sources, including rRNA, tRNA, mRNA, intergenic microRNAs, small interfering RNAs, tRNAs especially enriched. We speculate endogenous plays important role assembly microbial communities

Language: Английский

---

Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Natural Nanocarriers for Biotechnological Drugs

Processes, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(12), P. 2938 - 2938

Published: Dec. 23, 2024

Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) are lipid bilayer nanoparticles, naturally produced by plant cells, with sizes ranging from 50 to 500 nm. Recent studies have highlighted their great potential in the biotechnological and medical fields, due natural origin, high biocompatibility intrinsic therapeutic properties. PDEVs contain a complex biological cargo of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids secondary metabolites, including antioxidants anti-inflammatory molecules, making them ideal for biomedical applications such as drug delivery. These play key role intercellular communication gene regulation, proving be particularly promising personalized medicine. ability improve stability bioavailability, optimizing targeted release minimizing side effects. Despite some challenges, compositional variability need standardized protocols, at gunsight innovative research aimed improving loading capacity specificity. This review aims provide comprehensive overview PDEVs, exploring structure, isolation methods, functional characteristics, applications, highlighting advantages over synthetic nanoparticles animal-derived vesicles, leading an sustainable solution development new approaches.

Language: Английский

---

Cross kingdom application of noncoding RNA

Elsevier eBooks, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 295 - 317

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

---

RNAi-based Approaches to Control Mycotoxin Producers: Challenges and Perspectives

Published: Aug. 28, 2024

Mycotoxin contamination of food and feed is a worldwide problem that needed to be addressed with highly efficient biologically safe techniques. RNA interference (RNAi) natural mechanism playing an important role in different processes eukaryotes, including regulation gene expression, maintenance genome stability, protection against viruses others. Recently, RNAi-based techniques have been widely applied for the purposes safety management plant diseases, those caused by mycotoxin-producing fungi. In this review, we summarize current state-of-art approaches reducing aggressiveness key toxigenic fungal pathogens mycotoxin grain its products. The ways improving RNAi efficiency future perspectives technique, progress methods double-stranded production delivery target cells are also discussed.

Language: Английский

---

Diverse plant RNAs coat Arabidopsis leaves and are distinct from apoplastic RNAs

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 17, 2024

Abstract Transgenic expression of a double-stranded RNA in plants can induce silencing homologous mRNAs fungal pathogens. Although such host-induced gene is well-documented, the molecular mechanisms by which RNAs move from cytoplasm plant cells across plasma membrane both host cell and are poorly understood. Indirect evidence suggests that this transfer may occur at very early stage infection process, prior to breach wall, suggesting might be secreted onto leaf surfaces. To assess whether Arabidopsis possess mechanism for secreting surfaces, we developed protocol isolating surface separately intercellular (apoplastic) RNA. This yielded abundant displayed an banding pattern distinct apoplastic RNA, it directly rather than exuded through stomata or hydathodes. Notably, was not associated with either extracellular vesicles protein complexes; however, species longer 100 nucleotides could pelleted ultracentrifugation. Pelleting inhibited divalent cation chelator EGTA, these form condensates on surface. These derived almost exclusively Arabidopsis, but come diverse genomic sources, including rRNA, tRNA, mRNA, intergenic microRNAs, small interfering RNAs, tRNAs especially enriched. We speculate endogenous plays important role assembly microbial communities Significance Statement Plant leaves colonized complex community microbes shaped genetics. metabolites thought mediate effect, investigated also secrete potentially structure via cross-kingdom interference. Here report covered origin, tRNA fragments. less degraded found inside spaces leaves, propose direct shaping microbiome.

Language: Английский

---

RNAi-Based Approaches to Control Mycotoxin Producers: Challenges and Perspectives

Journal of Fungi, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 10(10), P. 682 - 682

Published: Sept. 29, 2024

Mycotoxin contamination of food and feed is a worldwide problem that needs to be addressed with highly efficient biologically safe techniques. RNA interference (RNAi) natural mechanism playing an important role in different processes eukaryotes, including the regulation gene expression, maintenance genome stability, protection against viruses others. Recently, RNAi-based techniques have been widely applied for purposes safety management plant diseases, those caused by mycotoxin-producing fungi. In this review, we summarize current state-of-the-art approaches reducing aggressiveness key toxigenic fungal pathogens mycotoxin grain its products. The ways improving RNAi efficiency future perspectives technique, progress methods double-stranded production delivery target cells, are also discussed.

Language: Английский

---

The RNA world of fungal pathogens

PLoS Pathogens, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 19(11), P. e1011762 - e1011762

Published: Nov. 30, 2023

Fungal pathogens execute well-defined infection programs that are intensively regulated at the posttranscriptional level.RNA biology determines precise timing and subcellular expression of encoded proteins.This temporal coordination is especially vital for membrane trafficking in order to synchronize intracellular organelle network.This includes vacuole maturation, intra-and extracellular vesicle (EV) transport, protein entry into mitochondria, peroxisomes, ER.Here, we explore intimate link between trafficking, function, RNA world during fungal plant pathogenesis, with a specific emphasis on corn smut Ustilago maydis. EndosomalAU : Pleaseconfirmthatallheadinglevelsarerepresentedcorrectly: mRNA transport generates prevents gradients infectious hyphaeMany require regulation hyphal morphology host invasion.These highly polarized hyphae rely active along cytoskeleton deliver proteins distinct regions.A fundamental mechanism mRNAs, providing spatial control synthesis.RNA-binding (RBPs) play central roles dictating fate from synthesis degradation.Key RNA-binding proteins, example, She3 Rrm4, mediate actin-and microtubule-dependent Candida albicans U. maydis, respectively [1,2].Importantly, studying Rrm4 has uncovered novel transportation mechanism: mRNAs hitchhike cytoplasmic surface endosomes, linking [2].Rrm4 harbors 3 N-terminal RRM domains RNA-binding, notable cargo encoding all 4 septins: Cdc3, Cdc10, Cdc11, Cdc12 [3].During endosome-coupled translation ensures formation assembly heterooctameric septin complexes endosomes.These ultimately delivered growth pole, resulting filaments defined gradient emanating tip (Fig 1A ).A transcriptome-wide iCLIP analysis revealed interacts hundreds primarily through their 0 UTR [3].This finding highlights critical role endosomal efficiently distributing bulk associated ribosomes throughout hyphae, thereby preventing concentration around nucleus [4,5].Interestingly, substantial number mitochondrial contain binding site within UTR.Thus, Rrm4-mediated might facilitate entry, similar processes observed polar growing neurons [6].An outstanding question how linked endosomes.In plants, RBPs directly interact small GTPase Rab5, while animal cells,

Language: Английский

---

Mixed infection of ITPase-encoding potyvirid and secovirid in Mercurialis perennis: evidences for a convergent euphorbia-specific viral counterstrike

Virology Journal, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 21(1)

Published: Jan. 4, 2024

Abstract Background In cellular organisms, inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatases (ITPases) prevent the incorporation of mutagenic deaminated purines into nucleic acids. These enzymes have also been detected in genomes several plant RNA viruses infecting two euphorbia species. particular, ipomoviruses produce replicase-associated ITPases to cope with high concentration non-canonical nucleotides found cassava tissues. Method Using high-throughput sequencing on wild species Mercurialis perennis , new members families Potyviridae and Secoviridae were identified. Both encode for a putative ITPase, mixed infection partitivirid. Following biological genomic characterization these viruses, origin function phytoviral investigated. Results While potyvirid was shown be pathogenic, secovirid partitivirid could not transmitted. The belonging proposed Comovirinae genus tentatively named "Mercomovirus", which accommodates other identified through transcriptome mining, an asymptomatic pollen-associated lifestyle is suspected. Homology phylogenetic analyses inferred that encoded by likely acquired independent horizontal gene transfer events, forming lineages distinct from ipomoviruses. Possible origins organisms are discussed proteins. parallel, endogenous ITPase M. predicted C-terminal nuclear localization signal, appears conserved among euphorbias but absent families. This subcellular line idea acids remain protected nucleus, while accumulate cytoplasm where they act as antiviral molecules. Conclusion Three described, encoding ITPases. origins, required circumvent level cytoplasmic nucleotides. defense mechanism has emerged early evolution euphorbias, seems specifically target certain groups perennial hosts. Graphical

Language: Английский

---

A mixed infection of ITPase-encoding potyvirid and secovirid in Mercurialis perennis: evidences for a convergent euphorbia-specific viral counterstrike

Research Square (Research Square), Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Oct. 6, 2023

Abstract Background: In cellular organisms, inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatases (ITPases) prevent the incorporation of mutagenic deaminated purines into nucleic acids. These enzymes have also been detected in genomes several plant RNA viruses infecting two euphorbia species. particular, ipomoviruses produce replicase-associated ITPases to cope with high concentration non-canonical nucleotides found cassava tissues. Method: Using high-throughput sequencing on wild species Mercurialis perennis , new members families Potyviridae and Secoviridae were identified. Both encode for a putative ITPase, mixed infection partitivirid. Following biological genomic characterization these viruses, origin function newly-identified phytoviral investigated. Results: While potyvirid was shown be pathogenic, secovirid partitivirid could not transmitted. The belonging proposed Comovirinae genus tentatively named "Mercomovirus", which accommodates other identified through transcriptome mining, an asymptomatic pollen-associated lifestyle is suspected. Homology phylogenetic analyses inferred that encoded by likely acquired independent horizontal gene transfer events, forming lineages distinct from ipomoviruses. Possible origins organisms are discussed proteins. Strikingly, endogenous ITPase M. predicted C-terminal nuclear localization signal, appears conserved among euphorbias but absent families. This particular subcellular line idea acids remain protected nucleus, while accumulate cytoplasm where they act as antiviral molecules. Conclusion: Three described, encoding ITPases. origins, required circumvent level cytoplasmic nucleotides. defense mechanism has emerged early evolution euphorbias, seems specifically target certain groups perennial hosts.

Language: Английский

---