Over
the
past
25
years
there
has
been
remarkable
progress
towards
accurate
description
of
nonbonded
interactions
within
context
density
functional
theory
(DFT).
Various
methods
have
devised
to
capture
London
dispersion,
which
is
most
exacting
contribution
noncovalent
interactions;
these
strategies
include
both
new
functionals
as
well
ad
hoc
dispersion
corrections
existing
functionals.
At
present,
it
possible
compute
interaction
energies
for
small
van
der
Waals
complexes
(containing
~20
atoms)
an
accuracy
~0.5
kcal/mol,
using
a
range
dispersion-inclusive
DFT
that
are
reviewed
here.
Systematic
tests
reveal
consistency
across
different
methods,
at
least
dimers,
although
magnitude
systematically
smaller
than
benchmark
because
some
resides
semilocal
exchange-correlation
functional,
in
manner
difficult
disentangle.
Despite
impressive
results
systems,
best
contemporary
afford
larger
errors
systems
with
50-130
atoms,
approaching
3-5
kcal/mol
compared
ab
initio
benchmarks
total
energies,
uncertainties
this
size.
Errors
vary
widely
from
one
method
next
,with
no
discernible
systematic
trend.
Nanoscale
thus
represent
frontier
development
interactions.
Crystal Growth & Design,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
24(13), P. 5494 - 5525
Published: June 24, 2024
This
Article
revisits
the
"Definition
of
Halogen
Bond
(IUPAC
Recommendations
2013)"
[Desiraju,
G.
R.
Pure
Appl.
Chem.
2013,
85
(8),
1711–1713],
recommendations
that
fail
to
include
fundamental,
underlying
concept
(electrophilic)
σ-
and
p-/π-hole
theory
orbital-based
charge
transfer
interactions
accompany
halogen
bond
formation.
An
electrophilic
σ-hole,
or
p-/π-hole,
is
an
electron-density-deficient
region
positive
polarity
(and
potential)
on
electrostatic
surface
side
along,
orthogonal
to,
a
covalently
bonded
in
molecular
entity
leads
development
noncovalent
interaction─a
bond─when
close
proximity
electron-density-rich
nucleophilic
same
another
identical
different
entity,
with
which
it
interacts.
re-examines
characteristic
features
lists
wide
variety
donors
acceptors
participate
bonding.
We
add
caveats
are
essential
for
identifying
bonding
chemical
systems,
necessary
appropriate
use
terminologies
involved.
Illustrative
examples
systems
feature
inter-
intramolecular
bonds
other
crystalline
phase
given,
together
case
study
some
dimer
using
first-principles
calculations.
also
point
out
π-hole/belt
(or
p-hole/belt)
may
develop
derivative
halogenated
molecules
be
prone
forming
when
nucleophiles
similar
entity.
The Journal of Physical Chemistry A,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
128(30), P. 6158 - 6166
Published: July 23, 2024
This
work
elucidates
several
forms
of
reduced
electron
density
gradient
(RDG)
to
describe
noncovalent
interactions
(NCIs).
By
interpreting
the
RDG
as
a
local
moment
function,
we
systematically
leveraged
Weizacker's
and
Fermi's
moments.
resulted
in
high-fidelity
representations
consistent
with
NCI
analysis.
In
addition,
version
derived
from
Lagrangian
kinetic
energy
is
conveniently
normalized.
These
results
suggest
nonexistence
particular
formulation
when
performing
Thus,
an
in-depth
examination
theoretical
foundations
connecting
function
nature
necessary.
Over
the
past
25
years
there
has
been
remarkable
progress
towards
accurate
description
of
nonbonded
interactions
within
context
density
functional
theory
(DFT).
Various
methods
have
devised
to
capture
London
dispersion,
which
is
most
exacting
contribution
noncovalent
interactions;
these
strategies
include
both
new
functionals
as
well
ad
hoc
dispersion
corrections
existing
functionals.
At
present,
it
possible
compute
interaction
energies
for
small
van
der
Waals
complexes
(containing
~20
atoms)
an
accuracy
~0.5
kcal/mol,
using
a
range
dispersion-inclusive
DFT
that
are
reviewed
here.
Systematic
tests
reveal
consistency
across
different
methods,
at
least
dimers.
same
time,
magnitude
systematically
smaller
than
benchmark
because
some
resides
semilocal
exchange-correlation
functional,
in
manner
difficult
disentangle.
Despite
impressive
results
systems,
best
contemporary
afford
larger
errors
systems
with
>~
100
atoms,
approaching
3-5
kcal/mol
compared
ab
initio
benchmarks
total
energies,
although
themselves
uncertainties
this
size.
Errors
vary
widely
from
one
method
next,
no
discernible
systematic
trend.
Nanoscale
thus
represent
frontier
development
interactions.
Accounts of Chemical Research,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
57(8), P. 1077 - 1086
Published: March 27, 2024
ConspectusWe
have
learned
over
the
past
years
how
London
dispersion
forces
can
be
effectively
used
to
influence
or
even
qualitatively
tip
structure
of
aggregates
and
conformation
single
molecules.
This
happens
despite
fact
that
contacts
are
much
weaker
than
competing
polar
forces.
It
is
a
classical
case
strength
by
numbers,
with
importance
scaling
system
size.
Knowledge
about
tipping
points,
however
difficult
attain,
necessary
for
rational
design
intermolecular
One
requires
careful
assessment
interactions,
either
sensitive
spectroscopic
techniques
study
isolated
molecules
theoretical
approaches.
Of
particular
interest
systems
close
point,
when
interactions
barely
outweigh
approach
other
interactions.
Such
subtle
cases
important
milestones
scale-up
realistic
multi-interaction
situations
encountered
in
fields
life
materials
science.
In
searching
examples
provide
ideal
complexes
small
clusters,
aromatic
offer
diverse
set
variation
electrostatic
control
dominant
peripheral
Our
combined
investigations
valuable
insights
into
balance
because
they
typically
allow
us
switch
substituent
on
off.
High-resolution
rotational
spectroscopy
serves
as
benchmark
molecular
structures,
correct
calculations
should
based
geometries.
When
discussing
competition
noncovalent
obvious
competitors
directional
hydrogen
bonds.
As
second
counterweight
aryl
we
will
discuss
aurophilic/metallophilic
which
also
strong
stabilization
number
atoms
involved.
Vibrational
most
light
atoms,
OH
bonds
aggregate
judged
well
stretching
frequency.
Experiments
gas
phase
gauging
accuracy
quantum
chemical
predictions
free
solvent
A
tight
collaboration
utilizing
these
three
methods
allows
experiment
vs
theory
benchmarking
overall
structures
energetics.
The Journal of Physical Chemistry A,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
127(48), P. 10147 - 10158
Published: Nov. 21, 2023
Empirical
substituent
constants,
such
as
the
Hammett
parameters,
have
found
important
utility
in
organic
and
other
areas
of
chemistry.
They
are
useful
both
predicting
impact
substitutions
on
chemical
processes
rationalizing
after-the-fact
observations
bonding
reactivity.
We
assess
monoiodinated
benzene
rings
find
that
modifications
substituents
induce
electrostatic
potentials
at
sigma
hole
terminal
I
center
correlate
strongly
with
established
trends
common
substituents.
As
an
alternative
to
experimental
procedures
involved
obtaining
empirically
based
computationally
determined
constants
induced
offer
a
model
for
quantifying
influence
mono-
polyatomic,
neutral,
ionic
their
compounds.
A
partitioning
scheme
is
proposed
allows
us
discretely
separate
σ
π
contributions
generate
quantitative
measures
effects.
In
a
tour
of
the
main
group
periodic
table,
we
consider
nature
and
impact
induced
positive
potentials
(sigma
holes;
σ-hole)
on
chemical
bonding.
The
chapter
moves
rapidly
from
one
column
in
table
to
next,
following
tendency
that
has
emerged
sigma
hole
interactions
within
(sub)groups
based
columns
table.
common
features
phenomenon
as
move
next
are
emphasized.
Distinctions,
such
substantial
strengthening
sigma-hole-type
when
region
potential
coincides
with
an
empty
p
orbital
perpendicular
polarizing
bonds
(in
groups
2
13,
for
example)
highlighted.
Many
hole-type
interactions,
halogen
bonds,
easily
recognized
noncovalent
even
if
charge
transfer
is
not
negligible.
Other
supported
by
holes
largely
coordinate
covalent
(dative)
character.
We
point
out
persisting
controversy
about
role
different
energy
contributions
bonding
hole-supported
while
affirming
some
valuable
insight
concept
affords
us
ways
which
it
informing
experimentalists
motivating
predictions
new
discoveries.
Even
agreement
fundamental
these
weak,
interest,
engagement,
possibilities
understanding
applications
remarkably
strong.
This
work
elucidates
several
forms
of
reduced
electron
density
gradient
(RDG)
to
describe
non-covalent
interactions
(NCIs).
By
interpreting
the
RDG
as
a
local-moment
function,
we
systematically
leveraged
Weizacker's
and
Fermi's
local
moments.
resulted
in
high-fidelity
representations
consistent
with
NCI
analysis.
In
addition,
version
derived
from
Lagrangian
kinetic
energy
is
conveniently
normalized.
These
results
suggest
non-existence
particular
formulation
when
performing
Thus,
an
in-depth
examination
theoretical
foundations
connecting
function
nature
necessary.