A review of the molecular mechanisms of acaricide resistance in mites and ticks

Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 159, P. 103981 - 103981

Published: June 28, 2023

The Arachnida subclass of Acari comprises many harmful pests that threaten agriculture as well animal health, including herbivorous spider mites, the bee parasite Varroa, poultry mite Dermanyssus and several species ticks. Especially in agriculture, acaricides are often used intensively to minimize damage they inflict, promoting development resistance. Beneficial predatory mites biological control also subjected acaricide selection field. use new genetic genomic tools such genome transcriptome sequencing, bulked segregant analysis (QTL mapping), reverse genetics via RNAi or CRISPR/Cas9, have greatly increased our understanding molecular mechanisms resistance Acari, especially Tetranychus urticae which emerged a model species. These techniques allowed uncover validate mutations larger range In addition, provided an impetus start elucidating more challenging questions on gene regulation detoxification associated with

Language: Английский

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Amitraz Resistance in French Varroa Mite Populations—More Complex Than a Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism

Insects, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(6), P. 390 - 390

Published: May 27, 2024

Resistance against amitraz in Varroa mite populations has become a subject of interest recent years due to the increasing reports reduced field efficacy treatments, especially from some beekeepers France and United States. The loss as reliable tool effectively reduce infestation could severely worsen position fight keep rates their colonies at low levels. In this publication, we present data French apiaries, collected 2020 2021. These include an authorized amitraz-based treatment (Apivar® ,Véto-pharma, France) results laboratory sensitivity assays mites exposed reference LC90 concentration amitraz. addition, total 240 Eastern, Central, Southern regions that were previously classified either “sensitive” or “resistant” assay genotyped. genetic analyses samples are focused on β-adrenergic-like octopamine receptor, which is considered main target site for mites. Special attention was paid single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 260 ORβ-2R-L gene associated resistance mites, Varroa. Our findings confirm occurs patches “islands resistance”, with less severe reduction compared pyrethroid coumaphos our call into question hypothesis SNP being directly responsible development.

Language: Английский

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The status of pyrethroid resistance mutation frequencies in Varroa destructor populations in the most important beekeeping areas of Türkiye

Experimental and Applied Acarology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 94(2)

Published: Jan. 28, 2025

Abstract The Varroa destructor (hereafter referred to as ) is a major pest of honeybees that generally controlled using pyrethroid-based acaricides. However, resistance these insecticides has become growing problem, driven by the acquisition knockdown ( kdr mutations in mite’s voltage-gated sodium channel vgsc gene. Resistance gene, such L925V mutation, can confer pyrethroids like flumethrin and tau-fluvalinate. Monitoring genotypic through molecular mutation screening crucial for tracking mitigating spread. In this study, frequency was examined Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) approach populations sampled throughout Mediterranean, Aegean, Black Sea regions Türkiye. Considering all samples analyzed, results demonstrated mean allele 83.29%, indicating relatively high resistant alleles. We observed 94.58%, 85.71%, 69.58% frequencies from regions, respectively, our study. investigation substantial regional variations alleles among Türkiye, with notably elevated levels Mediterranean Aegean regions. Due significant differences between both provinces long-term monitoring planning control strategies are required effective pest.

Language: Английский

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Sensitivity and Resistance of Parasitic Mites (Varroa destructor, Tropilaelaps spp. and Acarapis woodi) Against Amitraz and Amitraz-Based Product Treatment: A Systematic Review

Insects, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16(3), P. 234 - 234

Published: Feb. 20, 2025

Resistance to amitraz in Varroa destructor mites poses a significant challenge global beekeeping, leading the declining efficacy of treatments and increased colony losses. This study aims comprehensively map, characterize, analyze status resistance other parasitic such as Tropilaelaps spp. Acarapis woodi. A systematic review, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, examined 74 studies, revealing substantial variability experimental protocols, mite origins, environmental factors, all which impacted toxicity assessments. These findings highlight urgent need for standardized methodologies ensure consistency reliability. ratios (RR) indices (RI) showed geographical variation, reflecting localized development. Laboratory studies highlighted inconsistencies detecting resistance, underscoring importance combining bioassays, molecular diagnostics, field tests. Understanding genetic physiological mechanisms driving well their prevalence, is vital devising sustainable management strategies. Establishing national monitoring programs revising testing protocols are pivotal steps toward ensuring continued effectiveness acaricides. measures, combined with coordinated efforts by researchers, beekeepers, policymakers, essential safeguarding honey bee populations supporting long-term sustainability apiculture.

Language: Английский

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Identification and functional characterization of CYP3002B2, a cytochrome P450 associated with amitraz and flumethrin resistance in the major bee parasite Varroa destructor

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 210, P. 106364 - 106364

Published: March 4, 2025

Beekeeping worldwide is increasingly threatened by the parasitic mite Varroa destructor, whose management relies heavily on synthetic acaricides such as amitraz and flumethrin. However, growing incidence of acaricide resistance in V. destructor presents a significant global challenge to apiculture. In this study, we investigated mechanisms underlying these compounds population exhibiting reduced susceptibility both Specifically, bioassays revealed that resistant (IL-R) displayed 35.0 % mortality response 39.5 flumethrin, contrast >90 observed susceptible IL-L ATH-S populations. The phenotype was not strongly associated with any known target site mutations; putative mutation F290L Octβ2R gene, pyrethroid L925V vgsc were found at low frequencies (8.6 13.6 respectively). Transcriptomic analysis, comparing gene expression levels between two populations, overexpression several cuticle genes cytochrome P450 CYP3002B2. CYP3002B2 functionally expressed E. coli, catalytic activity against multiple model substrates effectively metabolizing predominant product metabolism likely an inactive, hydroxylated form insecticide, rather than activated/toxic metabolites amitraz. These findings are crucial for evidence-based management, first detoxification enzyme shown metabolize major from different modes action classes.

Language: Английский

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In Vitro and In Vivo Effect of Amitraz on Honey Bee Drone Sperm Quality

Acta Zoologica, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 1, 2025

ABSTRACT Honey bee hive infestation by the ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor , has been a major cause of declining populations. Treating such infestations is important for sustainability. Knowledge about sub‐lethal effects commonly used acaricides on drone reproductive health, particularly sperm quality, limited. The effect in vitro and vivo acaricide (amitraz) exposure was evaluated using Cape honey ( Apis mellifera capensis ) body size quality. For study, semen samples were exposed to three concentrations amitraz (125, 250, 500 μM). study entailed in‐hive Apivar treatment as per commercial recommendations. Adult drones harvested following weeks treatment. Drone weight (determined only) significantly higher amitraz‐exposed drones. No correlations found between weight, volume or concentration. In both studies, had statistically insignificant motility structure, while vitality decreased μM group. Sperm structure remained unaffected studies. This highlighted absence high doses functionality. When advised, does not have detrimental

Language: Английский

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Assessment of Resistance of Varroa destructor to Formic and Lactic Acid Treatment—A Systematic Review

Veterinary Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 12(2), P. 144 - 144

Published: Feb. 8, 2025

Varroa destructor represents one of the most significant pathogens affecting Apis mellifera. A multitude treatment modalities exist, including those based on pharmaceutical and biotechnological principles. few years after first use synthetic acaricides, developed resistance to these substances, becoming a concern. The present review assesses potential risk development formic lactic acid. This is performed by evaluating sources in literature over past 30 40 following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Median annual efficacies are determined evaluated time. Independent form, mite populations considered non-resistant for higher than 70%. After assessment outliers acid, remaining limited data insufficient draw conclusions resistance. reported unusually low efficacy values acid can be explained inadequate evaporation rates study settings. Notably, both acids, findings number values, further, more detailed standardized studies needed.

Language: Английский

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A new mutation in the octopamine receptor associated with amitraz resistance in Varroa destructor

Pest Management Science, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Sept. 19, 2024

Abstract BACKGROUND The acaricide amitraz is now used intensively in many regions to control the honey bee parasite, Varroa destructor , because of reduced efficacy pyrethroids and coumaphos caused by resistance evolution. continued application recent years exerts a very high selection pressure on mites, favouring evolution this acaricide. Mutations N87S Y215H β2‐adrenergic‐like octopamine receptor (Octβ2R), target site amitraz, have been already associated with France USA, respectively. RESULTS A new mutation (F290L) Octβ2R V. has found mites from Spanish apiaries. frequency L290 mutated alleles colonies increased after consecutive treatments amitraz. In field trial, higher allele took longer die compared those carrying proportion wild‐type allele. Lower susceptibility was apiaries homozygous mutants. CONCLUSION Our data indicate association F290L populations . Determining mutant may be important for predicting treatment would help design appropriate management. © 2024 Author(s). Pest Management Science published John Wiley & Sons Ltd behalf Society Chemical Industry.

Language: Английский

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Influence of Amitraz-Based Product Characteristics on Varroa Mite Population Control

Parasitologia, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 4(1), P. 71 - 81

Published: March 1, 2024

The presence of the Varroa destructor mite requires use acaricide treatments for honeybee colonies. Amitraz is one most common acaricide-active ingredients used by beekeepers. Certain populations have developed resistance to amitraz, thereby leading a loss in efficacy amitraz-based treatments. Two products, Apivar and Supatraz, were applied same apiary France evaluate their efficacy. Both are but different galenics. Thanks field data, dynamic model was simulate actions Supatraz on population. We considered two parameters compare products as follows: daily mortality rate treatment duration. In field, percentage not significantly different, kills mites faster decreases 90% infestation 28.4 days compared with 50.9 when using Apivar. Through modeling, we showed impact has higher during first weeks than lower (% varroa killed all treatment) stabilize population due its release active Apivar, needing shorter period achieve result. Depending model, conserves effective against moderately resistant (with being 40–70% at LC90) highly <40% LC90). These results show that comparison characteristics (duration rate) should be analyzed caution.

Language: Английский

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The efficacy of 1-allyloxy-4-propoxybenzene (3c{3,6}) against Varroa destructor mites in honey bee colonies from Maryland, USA

Journal of Insect Science, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 24(3)

Published: May 1, 2024

Abstract Varroa destructor Oud (Acari: Varroidae) is a harmful ectoparasite of Apis mellifera L. honey bees causing widespread colony losses in Europe and North America. To control populations these mites, beekeepers have an arsenal different treatments, including both chemical nonchemical options. However, treatments can be labor intensive, has gained resistance to some conventional pesticides, the use other restricted temporally (e.g., cannot applied during periods production). Thus, require additional treatment options for controlling mite populations. The compound 1-allyloxy-4-propoxybenzene (3c{3,6}) diether previously shown strong feeding deterrent against Lepidopteran larvae repellent mosquitoes showed promise as novel acaricide from laboratory early field trials. Here we test effect compound, at 8 g/brood box on wooden release devices, bee colonies located Maryland, USA, using thymol-based commercial product positive control. 3c{3,6} had minimal colonies, but more tests are needed determine whether it affected egg production by queens. Against Varroa3c{3,6} estimated efficacy 78.5%, while thymol 91.3%. still development stage, dose or application method needs revisited.

Language: Английский

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