Forest disturbances under climate change

Nature Climate Change, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 7(6), P. 395 - 402

Published: May 31, 2017

Language: Английский

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Ecosystem Consequences of Biological Invasions

Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, Journal Year: 2010, Volume and Issue: 41(1), P. 59 - 80

Published: Nov. 2, 2010

Exotic species affect the biogeochemical pools and fluxes of materials energy, thereby altering fundamental structure function their ecosystems. Rapidly accumulating evidence from many both animal plant invaders suggests that invasive often increase pool sizes, particularly biomass, promote accelerated flux rates, but exceptions can be found. Ecosystem dynamics are altered through a variety interacting, mutually reinforcing mechanistic pathways, including species' resource acquisition traits; population densities; ability to engineer changes physical environmental conditions; effects on disturbance, especially fire; regimes; habitat for other species; impact food webs. Local factors landscape setting, history, sources disturbance constrain ecosystem responses invasions. New research directions suggested, need whole-system budgets, quantification abundance-impact relationships particular processes, better exploration web impacts processes.

Language: Английский

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Emerald Ash Borer Invasion of North America: History, Biology, Ecology, Impacts, and Management

Annual Review of Entomology, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 59(1), P. 13 - 30

Published: Oct. 10, 2013

Since its accidental introduction from Asia, emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), has killed millions of trees in North America. As it continues to spread, could functionally extirpate with devastating economic and ecological impacts. Little was known about EAB when first discovered America 2002, but substantial advances understanding biology, ecology, management have occurred since. Ash species indigenous China are generally resistant may eventually provide resistance genes for introgression into American species. is characterized by stratified dispersal resulting natural human-assisted effort been devoted the development survey methods. Early eradication efforts were abandoned largely because difficulty detecting delineating infestations. Current focused on biological control, insecticide protection high-value trees, integrated slow mortality.

Language: Английский

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Economic Impacts of Non-Native Forest Insects in the Continental United States

PLoS ONE, Journal Year: 2011, Volume and Issue: 6(9), P. e24587 - e24587

Published: Sept. 9, 2011

Reliable estimates of the impacts and costs biological invasions are critical to developing credible management, trade regulatory policies. Worldwide, forests urban trees provide important ecosystem services as well economic social benefits, but threatened by non-native insects. More than 450 forest insects established in United States broad-scale associated with these species largely unavailable. We developed a novel modeling approach that maximizes use available data, accounts for multiple sources uncertainty, provides cost three major feeding guilds For each guild, we calculated damages five categories estimated probability future introductions damaging pests. found borne homeowners municipal governments. Wood- phloem-boring anticipated cause largest annually inducing nearly $1.7 billion local government expenditures approximately $830 million lost residential property values. Given observations new species, there is 32% chance another highly destructive borer will invade U.S. next 10 years. Our damage crucial previously missing component cost-benefit analyses evaluate policies management options intended reduce introductions. The flexible could be similarly employed estimate other countries or natural resource sectors.

Language: Английский

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Nonnative forest insects and pathogens in the United States: Impacts and policy options

Ecological Applications, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 26(5), P. 1437 - 1455

Published: May 10, 2016

Abstract We review and synthesize information on invasions of nonnative forest insects diseases in the United States, including their ecological economic impacts, pathways arrival, distribution within policy options for reducing future invasions. Nonnative have accumulated States forests at a rate ~2.5 per yr over last 150 yr. Currently two major introduction are importation live plants wood packing material such as pallets crates. Introduced occur cities throughout problem is particularly severe N ortheast U pper M idwest. pests only disturbance agent that has effectively eliminated entire tree species or genera from decades. The resulting shift structure composition alters ecosystem functions productivity, nutrient cycling, wildlife habitat. In urban suburban areas, loss trees streets, yards, parks affects aesthetics, property values, shading, stormwater runoff, human health. damage not yet fully known, but likely billions dollars year, with majority this burden borne by municipalities residential owners. Current policies preventing introductions having positive effects insufficient to reduce influx face burgeoning global trade. Options available strengthen defenses against pest arrival establishment, measures taken exporting country prior shipment, ensure clean shipments products, inspections ports entry, post‐entry quarantines, surveillance, eradication programs. Improved data collection procedures inspections, greater accessibility, better reporting would support evaluation effectiveness. Lack additional action places nation, local municipalities, owners high risk further damaging costly Adopting stronger establishments new costs control source alleviate now homeowners municipalities.

Language: Английский

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Alien versus native species as drivers of recent extinctions

Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 17(4), P. 203 - 207

Published: March 4, 2019

Native plants and animals can rapidly become superabundant dominate ecosystems, leading to claims that native species are no less likely than alien cause environmental damage, including biodiversity loss. We compared how frequently have been implicated as drivers of recent extinctions in a comprehensive global database, the 2017 International Union for Conservation Nature ( IUCN ) Red List Threatened Species. Alien were considered be contributing 25% plant 33% animal extinctions, whereas 5% 3% respectively. When listed putative driver more often associated with other extinction species. Our results offer additional evidence biogeographic origin, hence evolutionary history, determining factors its potential disruptive impacts.

Language: Английский

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Ecology of Herbivorous Arthropods in Urban Landscapes

Annual Review of Entomology, Journal Year: 2009, Volume and Issue: 55(1), P. 19 - 38

Published: Dec. 5, 2009

Urbanization affects communities of herbivorous arthropods and provides opportunities for dramatic changes in their abundance richness. Underlying these are creation impervious surfaces; variation the density, diversity, complexity vegetation; maintenance practices including pulsed inputs fertilizers, water, pesticides. A rich body knowledge theoretical underpinnings predicting understanding impacts urbanization on arthropods. However, relatively few studies have elucidated mechanisms that explain patterns insect mite diversity across gradients. Published accounts suggest responses to often taxon specific, highly variable, linked properties weaken top-down and/or bottom-up processes, thereby destabilizing populations herbivores natural enemies. In addition revealing gradients, a primary objective this review is examine underlying identify potential hypotheses future testing.

Language: Английский

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Climate change and range expansion of an aggressive bark beetle: evidence of higher beetle reproduction in naïve host tree populations

Journal of Applied Ecology, Journal Year: 2010, Volume and Issue: 47(5), P. 1036 - 1043

Published: Aug. 12, 2010

Summary 1. Hosts may evolve defences that make them less susceptible and suitable to herbivores impacting their fitness. Due climate change‐driven range expansion, are encountering naïve host populations with increasing frequency. 2. Aggressive bark beetles among the most important agents of disturbance in coniferous forest ecosystems. The presence beetle outbreaks areas a historically unsuitable climate, part consequence change, provided an opportunity assess hypothesis mountain pine Dendroctonus ponderosae has higher reproductive success lodgepole Pinus contorta trees growing have not previously experienced frequent outbreaks. 3. We felled sampled beetle‐killed from climatically areas, i.e. without historical probability Reproductive was determined total 166 14 stands. 4. Brood productivity significantly affected by climatic suitability class, such mean brood production per female increased as decreased. 5. Synthesis applications. current study demonstrates where its epidemics, which includes much outbreak area north central British Columbia. This is likely been key reason for rapid population buildup resulted unprecedented tree mortality over huge western Canada. thus provides example how expansion native insects can potentially disastrous consequences. Since accelerate progression outbreaks, it particularly critical manage forests maintenance mosaic species age classes at landscape level eruptive herbivores.

Language: Английский

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Ecology of forest insect invasions

Biological Invasions, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 19(11), P. 3141 - 3159

Published: July 20, 2017

Language: Английский

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Biological invasions in forest ecosystems

Biological Invasions, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 19(11), P. 3437 - 3458

Published: Sept. 2, 2017

Language: Английский

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