Important Insect and Disease Threats to United States Tree Species and Geographic Patterns of Their Potential Impacts

Forests, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10(4), P. 304 - 304

Published: April 2, 2019

Diseases and insects, particularly those that are non-native invasive, arguably pose the most destructive threat to North American forests. Currently, both exotic native insects diseases producing extensive ecological damage economic impacts. As part of an effort identify United States tree species forests vulnerable these epidemics, we compiled a list serious insect disease threats for 419 assigned severity rating each 1378 combinations between mature hosts 339 distinct agents. We then joined this with data from spatially unbiased nationally consistent forest inventory assess potential impacts infestations. Specifically, host mortality host/agent combination was used weight importance values on approximately 132,000 Forest Inventory Analysis (FIA) plots across conterminous 48 States. When summed plot, weighted represent estimate proportion plot’s existing value at risk being lost. These plot estimates were statistically significant geographic hotspots coldspots associated in total, different agent types. In general, greater West, where there fewer agents less diverse The impact invasive agents, however, potentially East. Indeed, current pests could be greatly magnified much Eastern if able reach entirety their hosts’ ranges. Both agent/host severities explicit results can inform species-level vulnerability assessments broad-scale sustainability reporting efforts, should provide valuable information decision-makers who need determine which locations target monitoring efforts pro-active management activities.

Language: Английский

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Impact of Stand and Landscape Management on Forest Pest Damage

Annual Review of Entomology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 67(1), P. 181 - 199

Published: Oct. 4, 2021

One promising approach to mitigate the negative impacts of insect pests in forests is adapt forestry practices create ecosystems that are more resistant and resilient biotic disturbances. At stand scale, local management often cause idiosyncratic effects on forest depending environmental context focal pest species. However, increasing tree diversity appears be a general strategy for reducing damage across several types. landscape heterogeneity (e.g., intermixing different types and/or age classes) represents frontier improving resistance resilience avoiding large-scale outbreaks. In addition their greater resilience, heterogeneous landscapes frequently support wide range ecosystem functions services. A challenge will develop cooperation coordination among multiple actors at spatial scales transcend historical management.

Language: Английский

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Conifer Defences against Pathogens and Pests — Mechanisms, Breeding, and Management

Current Forestry Reports, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 9(6), P. 429 - 443

Published: Oct. 4, 2023

Abstract Purpose of Review Forestry in northern temperate and boreal regions relies heavily on conifers. Rapid climate change associated increases adverse growing conditions predispose conifers to pathogens pests. The much longer generation time presumably, therefore, lower adaptive capacity relative their native or non-native biotic stressors may have devastating consequences. We provide an updated overview conifer defences underlying pathogen pest resistance discuss how defence traits can be used tree breeding forest management improve resistance. Recent Findings Breeding more resilient stress-resistant trees will benefit from new genomic tools, such as genotyping arrays with increased coverage, which aid relationship-based selection strategies. However, successfully increase the resilience forests, improved genetic materials programs must combined flexible site-specific management. Summary Successful pests hope well valuable lessons: a coordinated sustained effort, achieved. mechanisms against one stressor, even if involving many genes, not any protection other sympatric stressors. To maintain it is important keep high diversity programs. Choosing options that include diversification tree-species structure are coupled use genetically plants assisted migration proactive measure foreseen unanticipated changing climate.

Language: Английский

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Genomic prediction of resistance to Hymenoscyphus fraxineus in common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) populations

Evolutionary Applications, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 17(5)

Published: May 1, 2024

Abstract The increase in introduced insect pests and pathogens due to anthropogenic environmental changes has become a major concern for tree species worldwide. Common ash ( Fraxinus excelsior L.) is one of such facing significant threat from the invasive fungal pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus . Some studies have indicated that susceptibility genetically determined, providing some hope accelerated breeding programs are aimed at increasing resistance populations. To address this challenge, we used genomic selection strategy identify potential genetic markers associated with causing dieback. Through genome‐wide association (GWAS) 300 common individuals 30 populations across Poland (ddRAD, dataset A), identified six SNP loci p ‐value ≤1 × 10 −4 health status. further evaluate effectiveness GWAS predicting status, considered two prediction scenarios. Firstly, conducted cross‐validation on A. Secondly, trained A tested them B, which involved whole‐genome sequencing 20 Genomic analysis revealed top SNPs via exhibited notably higher accuracies compared randomly selected SNPs, particularly larger number SNPs. Cross‐validation analyses using showcased high accuracy, status over 90% accuracy sets ranging 500 10,000 datasets. However, no results emerged when model was B. Our findings illuminate dieback, offering support future combating dieback bolstering conservation efforts invaluable species.

Language: Английский

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Evolution in the Anthropocene: Informing Governance and Policy

Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 50(1), P. 527 - 546

Published: Sept. 3, 2019

The Anthropocene biosphere constitutes an unprecedented phase in the evolution of life on Earth with one species, humans, exerting extensive control. increasing intensity anthropogenic forces twenty-first century has widespread implications for attempts to govern both human-dominated ecosystems and last remaining wild ecosystems. Here, we review how evolutionary biology can inform governance policies Anthropocene, focusing five challenges that span biodiversity, environmental management, food other biomass production, human health. are: ( a) feedbacks, b) maintaining resilience, c) alleviating constraints, d) coevolutionary disruption, e) biotechnology. Strategies governing these dynamics will themselves have be coevolutionary, as eco-evolutionary social change response each other.

Language: Английский

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Strategic Development of Tree Resistance Against Forest Pathogen and Insect Invasions in Defense-Free Space

Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 6

Published: Sept. 3, 2018

• Invasive pathogens that cause stem cankers and wilts of trees, insects bore into bark wood have proven extremely destructive to the world's forests particularly difficult manage once established Such pests are especially devastating when evolutionarily naïve host trees lack adequate natural defenses Modern tree improvement programs increasingly capable restoring such providing for planting withstanding alien Careful target selection, early implementation sustained support these important their success We provide a simplified framework guide responses invasive rapidly identify promising development resistance

Language: Английский

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Prioritizing the conservation needs of United States tree species: Evaluating vulnerability to forest insect and disease threats

Global Ecology and Conservation, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 18, P. e00622 - e00622

Published: April 1, 2019

Abstract Insect and disease infestations pose major threats to several North American forest tree species. Scientists managers from throughout the United States Forest Service developed a conservation priority-setting framework for species at risk insects other threats. The Project CAPTURE (Conservation Assessment Prioritization of Trees Under Risk Extirpation) is data-driven guided by expert opinion, allowing quantitative grouping into vulnerability classes that may require different management strategies. We applied this categorize prioritize 419 native conservation, monitoring, using trait data insect threat each host categorization based on factors relating species’ (1) severity, (2) sensitivity infestation, (3) capacity adapt infestation. used K-means clustering group 11 these dimensions. three most vulnerable encompassed 15 which immediate intervention. Two additional face less severe be good candidates resistance breeding efforts. Other groups had traits associated with high and/or low adaptive potential future threats, suggesting need close monitoring. This assessment tool should valuable decision-makers determining populations target monitoring efforts pro-active gene activities.

Language: Английский

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Intentional introgression of a blight tolerance transgene to rescue the remnant population of American chestnut

Conservation Science and Practice, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 3(4)

Published: Dec. 31, 2020

Abstract In contrast to many current applications of biotechnology, the intended consequence American Chestnut Research & Restoration Project is produce trees that are well‐adapted thrive not just in confined fields or orchards, but throughout their natural range. Our primary focus on disease tolerance, we believe it will also be critically important optimal restoration should have robust genetic diversity and resilience, which can supplied by a full complement wild‐type genes. offers unique case study because intervention options been attempted: doing nothing, planting non‐native chestnut species, hybrids, mutagenesis (exposing seeds high levels radiation induce random mutations), backcross breeding, now engineering. Any these techniques may advantageous independently combinations, depending specific goals land managers practitioners, engineering opportunity enhance blight tolerance while minimizing other changes genome.

Language: Английский

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European oak chemical diversity – from ecotypes to herbivore resistance

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 232(2), P. 818 - 834

Published: July 9, 2021

Summary Climate change is increasing insect pressure and forcing plants to adapt. Although chemotypic differentiation phenotypic plasticity in spatially separated tree populations are known for decades, understanding their importance herbivory resistance across forests remains challenging. We studied four oak forest stands Germany using nontarget metabolomics, elemental analysis, chemometrics mapped the leaf metabolome of herbivore‐resistant (T‐) herbivore‐susceptible (S‐) European oaks ( Quercus robur ) Tortrix viridana , an pest that causes severe defoliation. Among detected metabolites, we identified reliable metabolic biomarkers distinguish S‐ T‐oak trees. Chemotypic resulted shifts primary secondary metabolism. Across forests, T‐oaks allocate resources towards constitutive chemical defense enriched polyphenolic compounds, e.g. flavonoids kaempferol, kaempferol quercetin glucosides, while S‐oaks growth‐promoting substances such as carbohydrates amino‐acid derivatives. This extensive work natural shows oaks' susceptibility linked growth‐defense trade‐offs The discovery developed predictive model pave way understand 's herbivore attack support management, contributing preservation Europe.

Language: Английский

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Tamm review: Current and recommended management practices for the restoration of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.), an imperiled high-elevation Western North American forest tree

Forest Ecology and Management, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 522, P. 119929 - 119929

Published: Jan. 6, 2022

Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) is an ecologically important subalpine and treeline forest tree of the western U.S. Canada. It categorized as endangered by IUCN Canada under Species at Risk Act was recently proposed for listing in threatened Endangered Act. populations are declining nearly rangewide primarily from spread intensification Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch., exotic, invasive pathogen that causes white blister rust (WPBR); recent, large-scale outbreaks mountain beetles (MPB) (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins); altered fire regimes; and, multiple impacts climate change. For more than two decades, researchers managers within Forest Service Canadian forestry agencies have been developing restoration conservation tools techniques to help mitigate these threats. Four principles whitebark were previously emphasized: (1) conserve genetic diversity, (2) promote WPBR resistance, (3) protect seed sources, (4) deploy treatments, while mitigating These served ten additional management or actions form basis a adaptive plan but apply regions with moderate high levels MPB outbreaks. Where absent present low levels, can implement proactive build resilience prevent future loss ecological function. Here, we review key currently used Canada, which include gene conservation, increasing natural resistance C. ribicola, cone collections, growing planting seedlings directly sowing seeds, protecting prescribed silvicultural thinning reduce competition late seral communities, intervention, stand health surveys monitoring, monitoring management. This outcome experts' workshop held association development National Pine Restoration Plan (NWPRP), collaborative multi-agency tribal effort initiated 2017 consultation facilitated non-profit organizations, Ecosystem Foundation American Forests.

Language: Английский

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