Effects of Cannabis Use on Human Behavior, Including Cognition, Motivation, and Psychosis: A Review

JAMA Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 73(3), P. 292 - 292

Published: Feb. 4, 2016

With a political debate about the potential risks and benefits of cannabis use as backdrop, wave legalization liberalization initiatives continues to spread. Four states (Colorado, Washington, Oregon, Alaska) District Columbia have passed laws that legalized for recreational by adults, 23 others plus now regulate medical purposes. These policy changes could trigger broad range unintended consequences, with profound lasting implications health social systems in our country. Cannabis is emerging one among many interacting factors can affect brain development mental function. To inform discourse scientific evidence, literature was reviewed identify what known not effects on human behavior, including cognition, motivation, psychosis.

Language: Английский

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What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use?

Addiction, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 110(1), P. 19 - 35

Published: Oct. 7, 2014

To examine changes in the evidence on adverse health effects of cannabis since 1993.A comparison 1993 with and interpretation same outcomes 2013.Research past 20 years has shown that driving while cannabis-impaired approximately doubles car crash risk around one 10 regular users develop dependence. Regular use adolescence risks early school-leaving cognitive impairment psychoses adulthood. is also associated strongly other illicit drugs. These associations persist after controlling for plausible confounding variables longitudinal studies. This suggests a contributory cause these but some researchers still argue relationships are explained by shared causes or factors. Cannabis smoking probably increases cardiovascular disease middle-aged adults its respiratory function cancer remain unclear, because most smokers have smoked smoke tobacco.The epidemiological literature shows accidents can produce dependence, there consistent between poor psychosocial mental

Language: Английский

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Keep off the grass? Cannabis, cognition and addiction

Nature reviews. Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 17(5), P. 293 - 306

Published: April 7, 2016

Language: Английский

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Association of Cannabis With Cognitive Functioning in Adolescents and Young Adults

JAMA Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 75(6), P. 585 - 585

Published: April 18, 2018

Importance

Substantial shifts in perception and policy regarding cannabis have recently occurred, with use of increasing while its perceived harm decreases. One possible risk increased is poorer cognitive functioning, especially youth.

Objective

To provide the first quantitative synthesis literature examining functioning adolescents young adults (with a mean age 26 years younger).

Data Sources

PubMed, PsycInfo, Academic Search Premier, Scopus, bibliographies relevant reviews were searched for peer-reviewed, English-language studies from date databases began through May 2017.

Study Selection

Consensus criteria used to determine study inclusion abstract manuscript review. Extraction Synthesis This followed Meta-analysis Observational Studies Epidemiology guidelines. Effect size estimates calculated using multivariate mixed-effects models outcomes classified into 10 domains.

Main Outcomes Measures

Results neurocognitive tests administered cross-sectional primary outcomes, we examined influence priori explanatory variables on variability effect size.

Results

Sixty-nine 2152 users (mean [SD] age, 20.6 [2.8] years; 1472 [68.4%] male) 6575 comparison participants minimal exposure included 20.8 [3.4]; 3669 [55.8%] male). indicated small overall (presented as meand) reduced associated frequent or heavy (d, −0.25; 95% CI, −0.32 −0.17;P < .001). The magnitude sizes did not vary by sample at onset. However, requiring an abstinence period longer than 72 hours (15 studies; n = 928) had −0.08; −0.22 0.07) that was significantly different 0 smaller less stringent (54 7799;d, −0.30; −0.37 −0.22;P .01).

Conclusions Relevance

Associations between are may be questionable clinical importance most individuals. Furthermore, diminishes deficits use. Although other (eg, psychosis) studies, results indicate previous youth overstated persistence Reported reflect residual effects acute withdrawal. Future should examine individual differences susceptibility cannabis-associated dysfunction.

Language: Английский

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The effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the dopamine system

Nature, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 539(7629), P. 369 - 377

Published: Nov. 1, 2016

Language: Английский

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Effects of Cannabis on the Adolescent Brain

Current Pharmaceutical Design, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 20(13), P. 2186 - 2193

Published: May 10, 2014

This article reviews neuroimaging, neurocognitive, and preclinical findings on the effects of cannabis adolescent brain. Marijuana is second most widely used intoxicant in adolescence, teens who engage heavy marijuana use often show disadvantages neurocognitive performance, macrostructural microstructural brain development, alterations functioning. It remains unclear whether such reflect pre-existing differences that lead to increased substances further changes architecture behavioral outcomes. Future work should focus prospective investigations help disentangle dose-dependent from effects, better understand interactive relationships with other commonly abused (e.g., alcohol) role regular neurodevelopmental trajectories.

Language: Английский

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The neuropsychopharmacology of cannabis: A review of human imaging studies

Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 195, P. 132 - 161

Published: Oct. 20, 2018

The laws governing cannabis are evolving worldwide and associated with changing patterns of use. main psychoactive drug in is Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a partial agonist at the endocannabinoid CB1 receptor. Acutely, THC produce range effects on several neurocognitive pharmacological systems. These include executive, emotional, reward memory processing via direct interactions system indirect glutamatergic, GABAergic dopaminergic Cannabidiol, non-intoxicating cannabinoid found some forms cannabis, may offset these acute effects. Heavy repeated use, particularly during adolescence, has been adverse systems, which increase risk mental illnesses including addiction psychosis. Here, we provide comprehensive state art review chronic neuropsychopharmacology by synthesizing available neuroimaging research humans. We describe exposure development, implications for understanding psychosis use disorder, methodological considerations. Greater precise mechanisms underlying also give rise to new treatment targets.

Language: Английский

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Medical cannabis and mental health: A guided systematic review

Clinical Psychology Review, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 51, P. 15 - 29

Published: Oct. 16, 2016

Language: Английский

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Treatment of Cannabis Use Disorder: Current Science and Future Outlook

Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 36(5), P. 511 - 535

Published: March 30, 2016

Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit substance in United States. Rates of cannabis use and disorder (CUD) have increased past decade, paralleling changes legal political climate favoring legalization. Almost 20 million people 12 years or older report past‐month use, 8 daily near‐daily use. Concurrently, perception that poses a significant risk negative consequences has decreased. Contrary to this perception, heavy associated with cognitive impairment, for psychotic disorders other mental health problems, lower education attainment, unemployment. Clinical trials various treatments CUD likewise increased, focusing primarily on psychotherapy treatments, specifically motivational enhancement therapy, behavioral contingency management. Their findings suggest combination these three modalities produces best abstinence outcomes, although rates remain modest decline after treatment. More recently, pharmacotherapy been conducted as adjunctive interventions psychosocial N ‐acetylcysteine gabapentin are two promising medications, no pharmacologic treatment emerged clearly efficacious. In review, we provide detailed summary clinical evaluated treating discuss emerging areas research cannabis‐specific barriers

Language: Английский

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Hippocampal harms, protection and recovery following regular cannabis use

Translational Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 6(1), P. e710 - e710

Published: Jan. 12, 2016

Abstract Shifting policies towards legalisation of cannabis for therapeutic and recreational use raise significant ethical issues health-care providers seeking evidence-based recommendations. We investigated whether heavy is associated with persistent harms to the hippocampus, if exposure cannabidiol offers protection, recovery occurs abstinence. To do this, we assessed 111 participants: 74 long-term regular users (with an average 15.4 years use) 37 non-user healthy controls. Cannabis included subgroups participants who were either exposed Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) but not (CBD) or both, former sustained Participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging from which three measures hippocampal integrity assessed: (i) volume; (ii) fractional anisotropy; (iii) N -acetylaspartate (NAA). Three curve-fitting models across entire sample tested each measure examine cannabis-related are persistent, can be minimised (protected) by CBD recovered through These analyses supported a protection model volume ( P =0.003) NAA =0.001). Further pairwise showed that had smaller volumes relative Users 11% reduced 15% lower concentrations. did differ controls on any measure. Ongoing brain health, underpinned chronic THC. However, such CBD, extended periods

Language: Английский

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