Developmental Bias and Evolution: A Regulatory Network Perspective

Genetics, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 209(4), P. 949 - 966

Published: July 25, 2018

Phenotypic variation is generated by the processes of development, with some variants arising more readily than others-a phenomenon known as "developmental bias." Developmental bias and natural selection have often been portrayed alternative explanations, but this a false dichotomy: developmental can evolve through selection, jointly influence phenotypic evolution. Here, we briefly review evidence for illustrate how it studied empirically. We describe recent theory on regulatory networks that explains why genetic environmental perturbation phenotypes typically not uniform, may even be biased toward adaptive variation. show produced constitutes an evolving property able to impose direction evolution patterns taxonomic diversity. Taking these considerations together, argue sufficient accommodate into evolutionary merely constraint adaptation. The in shaping bias, conversely, subsequent opportunities adaptation, requires mechanistic models development expanded incorporated theory. A network perspective thus helps integrate generation leaving biology better placed explain organisms adapt diversify.

Language: Английский

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Approaches to Macroevolution: 2. Sorting of Variation, Some Overarching Issues, and General Conclusions

Evolutionary Biology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 44(4), P. 451 - 475

Published: Oct. 24, 2017

Approaches to macroevolution require integration of its two fundamental components, within a hierarchical framework. Following companion paper on the origin variation, I here discuss sorting an evolutionary hierarchy. Species sorting-sometimes termed species selection in broad sense, meaning differential origination and extinction owing intrinsic biological properties-can be split into strict-sense selection, which rate differentials are governed by emergent, species-level traits such as geographic range size, effect macroevolution, rates organism-level body size; both processes can create hitchhiking effects, indirectly causing proliferation or decline other traits. Several methods operationalize concept emergence, so that rigorous separation these is increasingly feasible. A macroevolutionary tradeoff, underlain influence dynamics, causes speciation covary many clades, resulting volatility some clades more subdued behavior others; few break tradeoff achieve especially prolific diversification. In addition at multiple levels, extrinsic events drive waxing waning interaction difficult but important disentangle. Evolutionary trends arise ways, any level; descriptive models fitted clade trajectories phenotypic functional spaces, they may not diagnostic regarding processes, close attention must paid leading trailing edges apparent trends. Biotic interactions have negative positive effects taxonomic diversity clade, cannot readily extrapolated from nature organismic level. The relationships among currencies through time (taxonomic richness, morphologic disparity, variety) crucial for understanding novel approach diversity-disparity analysis shows diversifications lag behind, occur concert with, precede, increases disparity. Some overarching issues relating phenotypes include role mass extinctions, potential differences between plant animal whether changed geologic time, growing human impact present-day macroevolution. Many challenges remain, progress being made key ones: (a) variation-generating mechanisms multilevel act (b) paleontological neontological approaches historical biology.

Language: Английский

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Hierarchy in adaptive radiation: A case study using the Carnivora (Mammalia)

Evolution, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 73(3), P. 524 - 539

Published: Jan. 28, 2019

Simpson's "early burst" model of adaptive radiation was intended to explain the early proliferation morphological and functional variation in diversifying clades. Yet, despite much empirical testing, questions remain regarding its frequency across tree life. Here, we evaluate support for an burst 14 ecomorphological traits plus body mass extant mammalian order Carnivora constituent families. We find strong bursts dental evolution, suggesting a classic Simpsonian along dietary resource axes. However, signal this is not consistently recovered analyses at family level, where variety different models emerges. Furthermore, no evidence burst-like dynamics size-related traits, Bayesian evolutionary correlations corroborate decoupling size driven part by specialization. Our results are consistent with perspective that trait diversification unfolds hierarchically, restricted associated higher level niches, such as macrohabitat use or strategy, thus origins taxa. The lack previous phylogenetic studies may be consequence focusing on low-level niche (i.e., those microhabitat use) clades shallow levels. A richer understanding will require renewed focus their evolution over

Language: Английский

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Hybridization in human evolution: Insights from other organisms

Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 28(4), P. 189 - 209

Published: June 20, 2019

Abstract During the late Pleistocene, isolated lineages of hominins exchanged genes thus influencing genomic variation in humans both past and present. However, dynamics this genetic exchange associated phenotypic consequences through time remain poorly understood. Gene across divergent can result myriad outcomes arising from these environmental conditions under which it occurs. Here we draw our collective research various organisms, illustrating some ways gene structure genomic/phenotypic diversity within/among species. We present a range examples relevant to questions about evolution hominins. These are not meant be exhaustive, but rather illustrative diverse evolutionary causes/consequences hybridization, highlighting potential drivers human context hybridization including: influences on adaptive evolution, climate change, developmental systems, sex‐differences behavior, Haldane's rule large X‐effect, transgressive variation.

Language: Английский

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A conceptual framework of evolutionary novelty and innovation

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 96(1), P. 1 - 15

Published: Aug. 31, 2020

ABSTRACT Since 1990 the recognition of deep homologies among metazoan developmental processes and spread more mechanistic approaches to biology have led a resurgence interest in evolutionary novelty innovation. Other biologists proposed central roles for behaviour phenotypic plasticity generating conditions construction novel morphologies, or invoked accessibility new regions vast sequence spaces. These contrast with traditional emphasis on exploitation ecological opportunities as primary source novelty. This definitional cornucopia reflects differing stress placed three attributes novelties: their radical nature, generation taxa, impact. Such different has conflating four distinct issues: origin (genes, processes, characters), functions, higher clades impact structures functions. Here I distinguish (the characters, character transformations, combinations) from innovation, success clades. Evidence fossil record macroevolutionary lags between its demonstrates that may be decoupled only definitions based radicality (rather than generativity consequentiality) can assessed without reference subsequent history clade which belongs. considerations suggest conceptual framework involving: ( i ) potential novelty; ii formation attributes; iii refinement novelties through adaptation; iv by clade, coincide round environmental potentiation; followed v establishment innovations processes. recognizes there is little empirical support either dominance opportunity, nor abrupt discontinuities (often caricatured ‘hopeful monsters’). general extended aspects cultural social

Language: Английский

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Contingency and chance erase necessity in the experimental evolution of ancestral proteins

eLife, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: June 1, 2021

The roles of chance, contingency, and necessity in evolution are unresolved because they have never been assessed a single system or on timescales relevant to historical evolution. We combined ancestral protein reconstruction new continuous technology mutate select proteins the B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) family acquire protein–protein interaction specificities that occurred during animal By replicating evolutionary trajectories from multiple proteins, we found contingency generated over long steadily erased overwhelmed chance as primary cause acquired sequence variation; launched phylogenetically distant yielded virtually no common mutations, even under strong identical selection pressures. Chance arose many sets mutations could alter specificity at any timepoint; substitutions changed these sets. Our results suggest patterns variation BCL-2 sequences – likely other too idiosyncratic products particular unpredictable course events.

Language: Английский

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Forty years later: The status of the “Big Five” mass extinctions

Cambridge Prisms Extinction, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 1

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Over 40 years ago, Raup and Sepkoski identified five episodes of elevated extinction in the marine fossil record that were thought to be statistically distinct, thus warranting term "Big Five" mass extinctions. Since then, has become part standard vocabulary, especially with naming current biodiversity crisis as "sixth extinction." However, there is no general agreement on which time intervals should viewed extinctions, because Big Five turn out not distinct from background rates extinction, part, other have even higher rates, Cambrian early Ordovician. Nonetheless, represent largest events since Ordovician, including analyses attempt compensate for incompleteness rock records. In last years, we learned a great deal about causes many major minor are beginning unravel mechanisms translated initial environmental disturbances into extinction. events, further understanding will require going back outcrop, where patchy distribution environments pervasive temporal gaps challenge our ability establish true patterns. As crisis, doubt rate among highest ever experienced by biosphere, perhaps second after end-Cretaceous bolide impact. However (and fortunately), absolute number extinctions still relatively small - prevent this becoming genuine Given arbitrariness calling Five, called "incipient Anthropocene extinction" rather than

Language: Английский

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Phenotypic plasticity, canalization, and the origins of novelty: Evidence and mechanisms from amphibians

Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 88, P. 80 - 90

Published: March 1, 2018

Language: Английский

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Modularity promotes morphological divergence in ray-finned fishes

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: May 2, 2018

Modularity is considered a prerequisite for the evolvability of biological systems. This because in theory, individual modules can follow quasi-independent evolutionary trajectories or evolve at different rates compared to other aspects organism. may influence potential some diverge, leading differences disparity. Here, we investigated this relationship between modularity, morphological evolution and disparity using phylogenetically diverse sample ray-finned fishes. We support multiple hypotheses modularity asked if partitions delimited by best-fitting models were also characterized highest rate differentials. found that an module incorporating dorsal, anal paired fins was well supported data, evolves more rapidly consequently generates than modules. suggests indeed promote through across

Language: Английский

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Historical contingency shapes adaptive radiation in Antarctic fishes

Nature Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 3(7), P. 1102 - 1109

Published: June 10, 2019

Language: Английский

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