From Detection to Protection: Antibodies and Their Crucial Role in Diagnosing and Combatting SARS-CoV-2

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(5), P. 459 - 459

Published: April 25, 2024

Understanding the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, virus responsible for COVID-19, is crucial comprehending disease progression and significance of vaccine therapeutic development. The emergence highly contagious variants poses a significant challenge humoral immunity, underscoring necessity grasping intricacies specific antibodies. This review emphasizes pivotal role antibodies in shaping immune responses their implications diagnosing, preventing, treating SARS-CoV-2 infection. It delves into kinetics characteristics explores current antibody-based diagnostics, discussing strengths, clinical utility, limitations. Furthermore, we underscore potential SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, various therapies such as monoclonal polyclonal anti-cytokines, convalescent plasma, hyperimmunoglobulin-based therapies. Moreover, offer insights vaccines, emphasizing neutralizing order confer immunity along with emerging concern (VOCs) circulating Omicron subvariants. We also highlight challenges field, risks antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) shed light on associated original antigenic sin (OAS) effect long COVID. Overall, this intends provide valuable insights, which are advancing sensitive diagnostic tools, identifying efficient therapeutics, developing effective vaccines combat evolving threat global scale.

Language: Английский

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Ever-evolving SARS-CoV-2: Latest variant KP.2 is on the rise

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 17(6), P. 241 - 242

Published: June 1, 2024

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged at the end of 2019 and is responsible for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic which shook healthcare system worldwide. Until April 2024, over 775 million positive cases 7 deaths have been reported globally[1]. Since its emergence, virus constantly accumulating mutations in genome evolving frequently time. In last 3 years, we witnessed emergence numerous variants from Alpha to Omicron other subvariants, some them are more virulent escaping natural and/or vaccine induced immunity much less than earlier contributed pandemic[2,3]. The World Health Organization (WHO) announced that COVID-19 no longer a public health emergency international concern on May 5, 2023[4]. However, new subvariants continues pose significant challenges global health. early JN.1 variant (BA.2.86.1.1) replaced XBB.1 lineage as predominant variant. Recently, KP.2 derived parental with R346T, F456L mutation spike region substitution non-spike protein was detected spreading rapidly. has least 28 countries including US, UK, Canada, Australia, India Thailand[5-7]. This appears be transmissible surge number many past few days garnered attention. Infections increased US soared well. On May, WHO designated "variant under monitoring"[8]. According data Centers Disease Control Prevention (CDC), strain contribute 4% 55% infections, respectively week March. accounts 28% span two weeks (280April-11 May) makes it dominant overtaking accounting 16% same time span[5]. Due surging possibility immune evasion, authorities monitoring closely. Preliminary research by Kaku et al. indicated higher viral fitness KP.2, whereas infectivity 10.5 fold lower compared JN.1. Furthermore, neutralization assay performed using monovalent XBB.1.5 sera showed resistance indicating ability this variant[9]. Earlier 2023 December 2023, advised manufacturers use descendant antigen. (e.g. JN.1.13.1, JN.1.11.1, KP.2) became 2024. Based initiative sharing all influenza database, >90% sequence publicly available databases 20 April, Hence, Technical Advisory Group suggested antigen formulation future vaccines (GenBank: PP298019). greater likely might evolve JN.1, updating composition could enhance response circulating strains. Notably, immunization mice candidates elicit significantly neutralizing antibodies against co-circulating responses currently approved vaccines[10]. As development requires substantial time, vaccination programmes should continue can provide considerable protection severe disease[10]. Further necessary assess efficacy While transmissibility concerning, symptoms severity infection caused most similar those hospitalizations not surged. Evidence so far suggests prevents fatalities. threat vulnerable populations, hence booster doses confer better protection. February CDC recommended additional adults 65 years or older due risk disease[11]. posed considerably low now, cannot guaranteed will remain so. There about draw any conclusion moment, antigenic characteristics, symptoms, concerns evasion seen situation evolves. fewer mortality indicates nearly ended. SARS-CoV-2 still poses threat. identification shown among susceptible host infect individuals. long circulating, there chance mutants appear. Some little impact, but increase infectivity. vigilance prompt response[12]. order lessen their impact By surveillance, rapid diagnosis, coupled proactive measures curtail infections control transmission eventually reduce further evolution. If an individual having advisable isolate stay home avoid virus. essential create awareness, people take personal responsibility understanding situation, up date vaccinations, follow precautionary measures. It vital vigilant committed prevent spread goal free future. Conflict interest statement known competing financial interests relationships appeared influence work paper. Funding received external funding. Publisher's note Publisher Journal remains neutral regard jurisdictional claims published maps institutional affiliations. Edited Zhang Q, Lei Y, Pan Y

Language: Английский

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A SARS-CoV-2 mucosal nanovaccine based on assembly of maltodextrin, STING agonist and polyethyleneimine

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 139395 - 139395

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Impact of COVID-19 on Thrombotic Complications in Microsurgery: Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap Outcomes Amid Pandemic

Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Global Open, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 13(2), P. e6544 - e6544

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

Background: Emerging research underscores the heightened risk of vasculitis and microvascular thrombosis in COVID-19 patients, alongside concerns about prothrombotic events post–severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination. Following pandemic’s end, we sought a comprehensive analysis to elucidate its impact on microsurgical rates, informed by empirical anecdotal evidence. Methods: An institutional review board–approved retrospective analyzed autologous breast reconstruction cases women from January 2019 March 2022. Data patient history, infection, vaccination status, postoperative complications were collected. Patients categorized as prepandemic pandemic, based influence (infection or vaccination) for statistical evaluation. Results: Among 527 216 underwent surgery 311 during revealing thrombotic event rates 3.2% 5.4%, respectively. Further comparative showed no significant difference among patients affected through infection pandemic. Conclusions: Contrary concerns, status does not significantly increase deep inferior epigastric perforator flap reconstructions. This study offers vital insights, affirming safety efficacy procedures amid thereby guiding microsurgeons optimizing care post–COVID-19 era.

Language: Английский

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T and B cell responses in different immunization scenarios for COVID-19: a narrative review

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: March 18, 2025

Vaccines against COVID-19 have high efficacy and low rates of adverse events. However, none the available vaccines provide sterilizing immunity, reinfections remain possible. This review aims to summarize immunological responses elicited by different immunization strategies, examining roles homologous heterologous vaccination hybrid immunity. Homologous regimens exhibit considerable variation in immune depending on vaccine platform, particularly concerning antibody titers, B cell activation, T responses. mRNA vaccines, such as mRNA-1273 BNT162b2, consistently generate higher more durable levels neutralizing antibodies memory cells compared adenovirus-based like Ad26.COV2.S ChAdOx1. The combination two distinct platforms, each targeting pathways, seems be effective promoting long-lasting potent heterogeneity studies, dosing schemes, succession new variants, subjects' background do not allow for a definitive conclusion. Overall, combining sequentially viral vector may deliver balanced robust humoral cellular response regimens. Hybrid which arises from SARS-CoV-2 infection preceded or followed produces markedly stronger than either alone. variants concern varies both platform prior status. immunity leads broader repertoire, providing enhanced neutralization concern. Heterologous further opportunities enhance responses, offering protection greater durability all-cause mortality, symptomatic severe COVID, serious events at present it is possible infer effects between schemes. Next-generation could involve tweaks these designs changes delivery mechanisms that might improve performance.

Language: Английский

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Structural and Functional Impacts of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Mutations: Insights from Predictive Modeling and Analytics (Preprint)

Published: March 8, 2025

The COVID-19 pandemic requires a deep understanding of SARS-CoV-2, particularly how mutations in the Spike Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) Chain E affect its structure and function. Current methods lack comprehensive analysis these at different structural levels. To analyze impact specific associated point (N501Y, L452R, N440K, K417N, E484A) on SARS-CoV-2 RBD function using predictive modeling, including graph-theoretic model, protein modeling techniques, molecular dynamics simulations. study employed multi-tiered framework to represent across three interconnected This model incorporated 19 top-level vertices, connected intermediate graphs based 6-angstrom proximity within protein's 3D structure. Graph-theoretic metrics were applied weigh vertices edges all also used Iterative Threading Assembly Refinement (I-TASSER) mutated sequences dynamic simulation (MD) tools evaluate changes folding stability compared wildtype. Three distinct analytical approaches successfully identified functional (Chain E) resulting from mutations. novel detected notable changes, with N501Y L452R showing most pronounced effects conformation stability. K147N E484A demonstrated less significant impacts. Ab initio MD findings corroborated analysis. multi-level approach provided visualization mutation effects, deepening our their consequences. advanced implications. multi-faceted characterized various mutations, identifying as having substantial have important implications for vaccine development, therapeutic design, variant monitoring. research underscores power combining multiple virology, contributing valuable knowledge ongoing efforts against providing future studies viral impacts

Language: Английский

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Real-Life Practice of Kelleni’s Protocol in Treatment and Post Exposure Prophylaxis of SARS CoV-2 Omicron HV.1 and JN.1 Subvariants

Published: April 18, 2024

This perspective discusses the ongoing real-world practice using nitazxoanide, NSAIDs and/or azithromycin (Kelleni’s protocol) to manage evolving manifestations of SARS CoV-2 Omicron EG.5.1, its descendant HV.1 as well BA.2.86 and JN.1 subvariants in Egypt. These are well-known for their highly evolved immune-evasive properties include some peculiar persistent cough besides high fever young children fever, severe cough, change voice, loss taste smell, epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, generalized malaise marked bone aches adults including risk groups. It’s suggested that evolution is continuing mostly affect groups patients, whom we’ve also successfully prescribed nitazoxanide post-exposure prophylaxis all household contacts. We continue recommend starting immune-modulatory antiviral Kelleni’s protocol soon possible course infection adjusting it a personalized manner be more aggressive from beginning at least until currently encountered surge infections subsides.

Language: Английский

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Innovative approaches for vaccine trials as a key component of pandemic preparedness – a white paper

Infection, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 17, 2024

WHO postulates the application of adaptive design features in global clinical trial ecosystem. However, platform (APT) methodology has not been widely adopted research on vaccines.

Language: Английский

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Design of the conserved epitope peptide of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as the broad-spectrum COVID-19 vaccine

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 108(1)

Published: Oct. 16, 2024

Our previous study has found that monoclonal antibodies targeting a conserved epitope peptide spanning from residues 1144 to 1156 of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, namely S(1144-1156), can broadly neutralize all the prevalent strains, including wild type, Alpha, Epsilon, Delta, and Gamma variants. In study, S(1144-1156) was conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) formulated Montanide ISA 51 adjuvant for inoculation in BALB/c mice its potential as vaccine candidate. Results showed titers S protein-specific IgGs neutralizing mouse sera against various variants, Omicron sublineages, were largely induced along three doses immunization. The significant release IFN-γ IL-2 also observed by ELISpot assays through stimulating vaccinated splenocytes peptide. Furthermore, vaccination S(1143-1157)- S(1142-1158)-EGFP fusion proteins elicit more than S(1144-1156)-EGFP protein. Interestingly, antisera collected inoculated exhibited better efficacy BA.2.86 JN.1 subvariants BA.1, BA.2, XBB subvariants. Since amino acid sequences are highly among immunogen containing core be designed effective COVID-19 vaccine. KEY POINTS: • Inoculation induce bnAbs stimulated splenocytes. S(1143-1157) S(1142-1158) vaccines nAbs mice.

Language: Английский

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Clinical Features and Predictive Nomogram for Fatigue Sequelae in Non-severe Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Shanghai, China

Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 42, P. 100889 - 100889

Published: Oct. 18, 2024

Patients with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-2019) infections may still experience long-term effects, fatigue being one of the most frequent ones. Clinical research on long COVID in Chinese population after infection is comparatively lacking.

Language: Английский

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