Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
11(4), P. 2271 - 2283
Published: June 29, 2023
Although
structural
racism
is
strongly
related
to
racial
health
disparities,
we
are
not
aware
of
any
composite,
multidimensional
measure
at
the
city
level
in
United
States.
However,
many
policies,
programs,
and
institutions
that
create
maintain
located
level.
To
expand
upon
previous
research,
this
paper
uses
a
novel
for
non-Hispanic
Black
population.
Frontiers in Public Health,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
13
Published: Feb. 26, 2025
The
United
States
has
poor
birth
outcomes,
including
high
rates
of
infant
mortality
and
substantial
racial
inequities,
compared
to
other
developed
nations.
However,
both
overall
inequities
in
vary
across
locations,
emphasizing
the
structural
forces
that
shape
population
health.
We
used
natality
data
from
National
Vital
Statistics
System
assess
within
most
populous
US
cities
for
2018-2021.
Specifically,
we:
(1)
calculate
race-specific
69
48
cities;
and,
(2)
analyze
associations
between
these
city-level
measures
racism.
City-level
ranged
1.96
deaths
per
1,000
births
Irvine,
CA
13.92
Detroit,
MI.
non-Hispanic
Black
rate
was
2.5
times
higher
than
white
Black:white
ratio
statistically
significant
all
study
cities,
ranging
1.8
(Omaha,
NE)
5.0
(Cincinnati,
OH).
greater
4.0
10
cities.
Overall
were
associated
with
education,
economic
status,
incarceration,
segregation,
diversity.
Racial
status.
Understanding
at
city
level
is
critical
support
efforts
urban
health
advocates.
Moreover,
examining
persistent
racism
will
help
guide
necessary
programmatic
or
policy
decisions
reduce
JAMA Network Open,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
8(2), P. e2462069 - e2462069
Published: Feb. 27, 2025
Importance
Homicide
is
one
of
the
leading
causes
death
in
US,
especially
among
adolescents
and
adults
younger
than
45
years.
While
geographic,
racial
ethnic,
sex
differences
homicide
rates
have
been
documented,
a
comprehensive
assessment
across
all
sociodemographics
needed.
Objective
To
assess
variation
US
from
2000
to
2019
geographic
location,
race
ethnicity,
sex,
age.
Design,
Setting,
Participants
This
cross-sectional
study
used
deidentified
records
National
Vital
Statistics
System
population
estimates
Center
for
Health
individuals
living
January
1,
2000,
December
31,
2019.
Data
analysis
was
completed
April
2023.
Exposure
County,
ethnicity
(American
Indian
or
Alaska
Native,
Asian
Pacific
Islander,
Black,
Hispanic
Latino,
White),
age
(0-14,
15-24,
25-44,
45-64,
≥65
years),
(female
male)
as
reported
on
certificates.
Main
Outcomes
Measures
The
main
outcome
per
100
000
individuals.
Validated
small-area
estimation
models
were
estimate
county-level
by
age,
(50
unique
populations).
Estimates
corrected
misclassification
certificates
standardized.
Results
Between
2019,
there
367
827
(95%
uncertainty
interval
[UI],
366
683-369
046)
homicides
with
decedents
most
commonly
being
male
(77.7%
[95%
UI,
77.5%-77.8%]),
aged
15
44
years
(69.8%
69.6%-69.9%]),
Black
(46.0%
45.5%-46.5%]).
highest
males
24
(74.6
72.3-77.0]
population)
25
(70.0
68.4-71.4]
followed
American
Native
(24.5
19.2-31.0]
(33.5
28.6-38.8]
population).
higher
deaths
observed
143
counties;
more
25%
counties
this
level
Arkansas,
Louisiana,
Mississippi,
North
Carolina.
Despite
national
remaining
stable
over
period
(6.1
6.0-6.2]
both
years;
incidence
rate
difference,
0.04
−0.16
0.07]),
increased
(range,
1631
3051
[53.5%]
1406
1488
[94.5%])
White
females
65
Conclusions
Relevance
In
rates,
substantial
found
within
county,
groups;
had
homicide.
findings
highlight
several
populations
places
where
high,
but
awareness
violence
prevention
remains
limited.
Journal of the National Medical Association,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
115(4), P. 338 - 352
Published: July 25, 2023
Introduction
Structural
racism
is
increasingly
being
recognized
as
a
fundamental
cause
of
racial
health
disparities.
We
used
novel
measure
structural
at
the
state
level
to
examine
relationship
between
and
disparities
in
death
rates
from
firearm
homicide,
infant
mortality,
HIV,
diabetes,
stroke,
hypertension,
asthma,
kidney
disease
non-Hispanic
Black
White
people
United
States.
Methods
confirmatory
factor
analysis
latent
construct
for
all
50
states.
The
model
included
seven
indicators
across
domains
residential
segregation,
economic
status/employment,
education,
incarceration,
political
participation
representation,
environmental
racism,
equity
inclusion.
Weights
each
were
determined
by
examining
alternative
models
selecting
with
best
fit
statistics.
resulting
scores,
representing
domains,
then
predictor
variables
series
linear
regressions
ratio
outcome
dependent
variables.
Results
found
significant
relationships
higher
levels
greater
age-adjusted
obesity.
magnitude
this
was
greatest
one
standard
deviation
increase
state's
score
associated
an
4.54
(95%
CI,
2.91-6.17)
that
Black-White
homicide
rate
ratio.
Conclusions
This
research
provides
further
evidence
repair
these
inequities,
macro-level
changes
societal
structures,
institutions,
resource
allocation,
power
will
be
necessary.
Journal of Biomedical Informatics,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
154, P. 104653 - 104653
Published: May 10, 2024
Many
approaches
in
biomedical
informatics
(BMI)
rely
on
the
ability
to
define,
gather,
and
manipulate
data
support
health
through
a
cyclical
research-practice
lifecycle.
Researchers
within
this
field
are
often
fortunate
work
closely
with
healthcare
public
systems
influence
generation
capture
have
access
vast
amount
of
data.
informaticists
also
expertise
engage
stakeholders,
develop
new
methods
applications,
policy.
However,
research
policy
that
explicitly
seeks
address
systemic
drivers
would
more
effectively
health.
Intersectionality
is
theoretical
framework
can
facilitate
such
research.
It
holds
individual
human
experiences
reflect
larger
socio-structural
level
privilege
oppression,
cannot
be
truly
understood
if
these
examined
isolation.
accounts
for
interrelated
nature
providing
lens
which
examine
challenge
inequities.
In
paper,
we
propose
intersectionality
as
an
intervention
into
how
conduct
BMI
We
begin
by
discussing
intersectionality's
history
core
principles
they
apply
BMI.
then
elaborate
potential
stimulate
Specifically,
posit
our
efforts
improve
should
five
key
considerations:
(1)
oppression
shape
health;
(2)
upstream
drivers;
(3)
nuances
outcomes
groups;
(4)
problematic
power-laden
categories
assign
people
society;
(5)
inform
social
change.
Cancer Control,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
31
Published: Jan. 1, 2024
Background
Although
racial
disparities
in
lung
cancer
incidence
and
mortality
have
diminished
recent
years,
remains
the
second
most
diagnosed
among
US
Black
populations.
Many
factors
contributing
to
are
rooted
structural
racism.
To
quantify
this
relationship,
we
examined
associations
between
a
multidimensional
measure
of
county-level
racism
county
rates
populations,
while
accounting
for
levels
environmental
quality.
Methods
We
merged
2016-2020
data
from
United
States
Cancer
Statistics
Data
Visualization
Tool,
pre-existing
index,
Environmental
Protection
Agency’s
2006-2010
Quality
Index
(EQI),
2023
County
Health
Rankings,
2021
Census
American
Community
Survey.
conducted
multivariable
linear
regressions
examine
rates.
Results
Among
males
females,
each
standard
deviation
increase
score
was
associated
with
an
6.4
(95%
CI:
4.4,
8.5)
cases
per
100,000
3.3
2.0,
4.6)
deaths
100,000.
When
examining
these
stratified
by
sex,
larger
were
observed
male
populations
than
females.
Conclusion
Structural
contributes
both
number
new
caused
Those
aiming
reduce
should
consider
addressing
as
root-cause.
