The impact of environmental factors and contaminants on thyroid function and disease from fetal to adult life: current evidence and future directions

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: June 19, 2024

The thyroid gland regulates most of the physiological processes. Environmental factors, including climate change, pollution, nutritional changes, and exposure to chemicals, have been recognized impact function health. Thyroid disorders cancer increased in last decade, latter increasing by 1.1% annually, suggesting that environmental contaminants must play a role. This narrative review explores current knowledge on relationships among factors anatomy function, reporting recent data, mechanisms, gaps through which act. Global warming changes living both iodine-poor areas volcanic regions can represent threat favor cancers because low iodine intake heavy metals radon. Areas with high nitrate nitrite concentrations water soil also negatively affect function. Air particularly particulate matter outdoor air, worsen be carcinogenic. endocrine-disrupting chemicals alter many ways, as some mimic and/or disrupt hormone synthesis, release, action target tissues, such bisphenols, phthalates, perchlorate, per- poly-fluoroalkyl substances. When discussing diet nutrition, there is evidence microbiome-associated an elevated consumption animal fat would associated production autoantibodies. There negative effects microplastics. Finally, infectious diseases significantly function; recently, lessons learned from SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Understanding how influence crucial for developing preventive strategies policies guarantee appropriate development healthy metabolism new generations preventing disease adults elderly. However, are understanding warrant further research.

Language: Английский

---

Thyroid dysfunction in COVID-19

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 20(6), P. 336 - 348

Published: Feb. 12, 2024

Language: Английский

---

Cytokine Storm-Induced Thyroid Dysfunction in COVID-19: Insights into Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Approaches

Drug Design Development and Therapy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: Volume 18, P. 4215 - 4240

Published: Sept. 1, 2024

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors (ACE2R) are requisite to enter the host cells for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). ACE2R is constitutive and functions as a type I transmembrane metallo-carboxypeptidase in renin-angiotensin system (RAS). On thyroid follicular cells, allows SARS-CoV-2 invade gland, impose cytopathic effects produce endocrine abnormalities, including stiff back, neck pain, muscle ache, lethargy, enlarged, inflamed gland COVID-19 patients. Further damage perpetuated by sudden bursts of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which suggestive life-threatening known "cytokine storm". IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α identified key orchestrators cytokine storm. These inflammatory mediators upregulate transcriptional turnover nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), Janus kinase/signal transducer activator transcription (JAK/STAT), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), paving pathway storm-induced dysfunctions euthyroid sick syndrome, autoimmune diseases, thyrotoxicosis Targeted therapies with corticosteroids (dexamethasone), JAK inhibitor (baricitinib), nucleotide analogue (remdesivir) N-acetyl-cysteine have demonstrated effectiveness terms attenuating severity frequency dysfunctions, morbidity mortality Here, we review pathogenesis storms mechanisms pathways that establish connection between disorder COVID-19. Moreover, cross-talk interactions signalling therapeutic strategies address COVID-19-associated diseases also discussed herein.

Language: Английский

---

Graves’ Disease after mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination, with the Presence of Autoimmune Antibodies Even One Year Later

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(5), P. 934 - 934

Published: May 3, 2023

A 45-year-old man who had received his second mRNA COVID-19 vaccination one week earlier was presented to the emergency department with chest discomfort. Therefore, we suspected post-vaccination myocarditis; however, patient showed no signs of myocarditis. After 2 weeks, he revisited hospital complaining palpitations, hand tremors, and weight loss. The exhibited high free thyroxine (FT4) (6.42 ng/dL), low thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (<0.01 μIU/mL), TSH receptor antibody (17.5 IU/L) levels, diagnosed Graves' disease. Thiamazole administered, patient's FT4 levels normalized after 30 days. One year later, is stable; their antibodies have not become negative thiamazole has continued. This first case report follow course disease vaccination.

Language: Английский

---

Hypophysitis after COVID-19 vaccination in a patient with Rathke’s cleft cyst: A case report

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 20(1)

Published: Jan. 4, 2024

With the widespread vaccination of COVID-19 vaccine, a few cases have been reported that vaccine may cause endocrine disorders. A 59-y-old man presented with loss appetite after first vaccination, which resolved spontaneously 3 d. After second symptoms including appetite, nausea, and vomiting reappeared worsened along vision. He was found to severe hyponatremia, further investigations revealed secondary adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism Rathke's cleft cyst. The patient responded well glucocorticoid levothyroxine supplementation, at 1-y follow-up developed hypogonadism. We hypothesize hypophysitis is probably induced by report rare but serious adverse reactions for early recognition intervention.

Language: Английский

---

Case report: Neglected subacute thyroiditis: a case following COVID-19 vaccination

Frontiers in Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: March 8, 2024

We report a case of overlooked Subacute Thyroiditis (SAT) potentially induced by the administration COVID-19 vaccine. This prompted thorough review existing literature to elucidate possible mechanisms which immune responses vaccine might precipitate thyroid damage. The primary objective is enhance clinical understanding and awareness SAT among healthcare professionals. thyroiditis prevalent form self-limiting disorder characterized fever, neck pain or tenderness, palpitations subsequent viral infection. development numerous SARS-CoV-2 vaccines during pandemic was intended mitigate spread virus. Nevertheless, there have been documented instances adverse reactions arising from vaccines, such as infrequent occurrence subacute thyroiditis. While majority medical practitioners can discern classic thyroiditis, not all cases exhibit typical characteristics, systematic treatments yield positive responses. In this study, we present rare linked A previously healthy middle-aged female developed fever sore throat 72 h post-inoculation with inactivated Initially attributing these symptoms common cold, she self-administered ibuprofen, normalized her body temperature but failed alleviate persistent throat. Suspecting laryngopharyngeal disorder, sought treatment an otolaryngologist. However, persisted, accompanied intermittent over several days. After endocrinology consultation, despite absence pain, examination revealed abnormal function, normal antibodies, heterogeneous echogenicity on ultrasonography, elevated levels Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) C-Reactive Protein (CRP). These findings led consideration diagnosis SAT. Initially, treated non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for proved effective, remained uncontrolled. suggested poor response NSAIDs. Consequently, steroid therapy initiated, after rapidly resolved.

Language: Английский

---

Effect of COVID-19 infection on thyroid function status and clinical indexes among hypothyroid outpatients

Virulence, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(1)

Published: Dec. 27, 2024

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spread rapidly, leading to an Omicron outbreak in Shanghai mid-December after adjustments the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) control strategy. To investigate impact of COVID-19 infection among hypothyroid patients, we gathered data on outpatients with during this time at Thyroid Center (TDC) Central Hospital. Patients were divided into two groups based whether their hypothyroidism was caused by Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (HT): HT and non-HT group. We assessed differences between pre-infection clinical follow-up one month (day (D) 30) three months (D90) infection. In group, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels decreased significantly compared (p = 0.013), while free triiodothyronine (FT3) increased D90 both D30 post-infection < 0.001 p 0.005). Hemoglobin also 0.033). For FT3 0.017). Moreover, inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination can preserve thyroid function stability patients hypothyroidism.

Language: Английский

---

Patterns and outcomes of late onset thyroid disturbances after COVID‐19 vaccination: A report of 75 cases

Tropical Medicine & International Health, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 29(1), P. 63 - 71

Published: Nov. 20, 2023

Isolated cases of subacute thyroiditis exist in the early period COVID-19 vaccination, largely after mRNA vaccines. Here we report late onset thyroid disturbances and persistent health issues patients disorders vaccination. Seventy-five with post vaccination were identified. Among these, 41 had flare underlying illness, majority occurring at a median time lag 28.4 weeks since 2nd dose. Thirty-one new hypothyroidism three hyperthyroidism reported, respectively 17.2 22.6 Most occurred ChAdOx1-nCoV-19, which was commonest vaccine employed mass roll out India. Significant improvement observed majority, follow up 22-26 weeks. New persisting for ≥4 reported 37.3% common individuals history before vaccine. metabolic, musculoskeletal, reproductive complaints. Active monitoring is warranted adverse events vaccines all types. Larger studies involvement unvaccinated are required to understand incidence causality

Language: Английский

---

A retrospective clinical study in Graves disease with COVID-19 infection in China

Research Square (Research Square), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 7, 2024

Abstract Background Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the most prevalent global pandemic in recent times. Graves disease (GD), an autoimmune thyroid disease, a clinical syndrome caused by excessive hormones. Our study to understand current epidemiological situation of COVID-19 infection GD patients, and analyze whether will affect function, autoantibody metabolism patients. Methods 109 patients were followed Shanghai General Hospital Thyroid Center (TDC) from November 2022 June 2023. There three groups defined, i.e., pre, one-month after months with COVID-19. SPSS was used recruited data. Results are infected (72.48%), uncontrolled high FT3 had higher rate (79.31%). As for function 35 antithyroid drug (ATD) maintenance stage, there significant differences FT3, FT4, TT3 TT4 before being What’s more, there’s difference between one month TSAb group ( p = 0.048) but no pre month. TT3, non. And Phosphorus (P), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D3), Procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) be affected infection. Conclusion susceptible may TT4, level vaccine conducive stability patients' condition. bone But effect on glucose or lipid metabolism.

Language: Английский

---

Tiroidite subacuta e vaccino anti SARS-CoV-2

L Endocrinologo, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(2), P. 213 - 217

Published: March 13, 2024

---