This
study
exploited
lignin
from
black
liquor
as
feedstock
in
the
hydrothermal
liquefaction
process.
The
operation
conditions
such
temperature,
time,
and
solvent
ratio
(by
adding
ethanol)
were
explored,
with
temperature
identified
most
significant
parameter.
optimum
condition
generating
highest
oil
yield
(58.92%)
was
found
at
an
operating
of
275
°C,
30
min,
1:1
water-to-ethanol
ratio,
respectively.
extracted
further
characterized,
revealing
phenolic-rich
containing
about
82.4%
phenol,
which
dominated
by
guaiacol.
lignin-to-oil
conversion
initiated
thermochemical
degradation
comprising
a
series
multiple
chemical
reactions.
overall
process
reduced
sulfur,
nitrogen,
oxygen
content
linked
to
reaction
instability,
favoring
solid
char
yield.
resulting
higher
heating
value
phenol-rich
27.84
kJ/g,
almost
twice
that
raw
only
having
14.13
kJ/g.
Bioresource Technology Reports,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25, P. 101759 - 101759
Published: Jan. 2, 2024
This
study
exploited
lignin
from
black
liquor
as
feedstock
in
the
hydrothermal
liquefaction
process.
The
operation
conditions
such
temperature,
time,
and
solvent
ratio
(by
adding
ethanol)
were
explored,
with
temperature
identified
most
significant
parameter.
optimum
condition
generating
highest
oil
yield
(58.9
%)
was
found
at
an
operating
of
275
°C,
30
min,
1:1
water-to-ethanol
ratio,
respectively.
extracted
further
characterized,
revealing
phenolic-rich
containing
about
82.4
%
phenol,
which
dominated
by
guaiacol.
lignin-to-oil
conversion
initiated
thermochemical
degradation
comprising
a
series
multiple
chemical
reactions.
overall
process
reduced
sulfur,
nitrogen,
oxygen
content
linked
to
reaction
instability,
favoring
solid
char
yield.
resulting
higher
heating
value
phenol-rich
27.8
kJ/g,
almost
twice
that
raw
only
having
14.1
kJ/g.
Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
9, P. 100581 - 100581
Published: Dec. 11, 2023
This
research
aims
to
investigate
and
compare
the
energy
value
of
different
biocoke
raw
palm
oil-biomass.
Applying
pressure
heating
simultaneously
during
production
is
a
direct
method
used
in
this
research.
The
results
proximate
analysis
showed
that
water
content
each
sample
tested
was
below
10%.
can
be
reduced
5%
for
all
samples
except
oil
palm-midrib.
highest
biomass
recorded
from
palm-kernel-shell
at
16.83
MJ/kg;
lowest
palm-midrib
14.60%.
Meanwhile,
lower
19.08
MJ/kg,
weakest
empty-fruit-bunches
17.01
MJ/kg.
Energies,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
17(11), P. 2599 - 2599
Published: May 28, 2024
The
growing
attention
regarding
the
environmental
challenges
in
energy
sectors
pushes
industrial
system
toward
investigation
of
more
sustainable
and
renewable
sources
to
replace
fossil
ones.
Among
promising
alternatives,
biomass
is
considered
a
valid
source
convert
reduce
fraction
national
mixes,
but
its
multiple
potential
uses
need
an
evaluation
understand
actual
benefit
when
it
used
as
resource.
For
this
purpose,
life
cycle
assessment
(LCA)
applied
wood
gasification
aimed
produce
electricity
heat
generated
after
combustion
produced
syngas
management
biochar.
aim
provide
quantitative
comparison
(i)
baseline
scenario
where
sourced
from
waste
(ii)
second
drawn
dedicated
cultivation.
A
further
was
finally
investigate
implications
associated
with
biochar
composition,
assuming
on
land.
proposed
strategies
resulted
credit
for
both
examined
scenarios,
outcomes
showed
net
preference
scenario,
resulting
better
performances
all
categories
respect
one.
It
underlines
potentialities
using
waste-sourced
biomass.
However,
according
Climate
Change
category,
if
on-site
cultivation
assumed
preferable
only
transportation
distance
<600
km,
which
estimated
theoretical
scenarios
break
even.
Finally,
composition
proved
particular
concern
toxicity-related
categories.
This
study
highlights
importance
applying
objective
standardized
methodologies
such
LCA
evaluate
production
systems
based
alternative
support
decision-making
achieving
sustainability
goals.
This
study
comparatively
investigated
the
hydrogen-rich
gas
generation
profiles
from
agricultural
feedstocks
(Zea
mays
stalk,
Arundo
donax
rhizome,
and
Arachis
hypogaea
husk)
through
gasification
or
pyrolysis-gasification
process.
The
hydrogen
production
efficiency
output
of
CO
were
evaluated
under
varying
conditions,
including
temperatures
800°C
to
1100°C
steam
supplies
1
mL/min
5
mL/min.
Pyrolyzed
can
rapidly
(0.60
L/min)
release
at
a
temperature
900°C
with
supply.
Furthermore,
increasing
pyrolysis
does
not
decrease
production,
while
pyrolyzed
show
higher
(an
increase
1.64%
10.36%)
compared
those
that
have
undergone
pretreatment.
novelty
present
includes
1)
comparison
non-pyrolyzed
2)
investigation
syngas
releasing
rate
feedstock
various
conditions.
E3S Web of Conferences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
494, P. 03010 - 03010
Published: Jan. 1, 2024
Energy
poverty
is
an
issue,
which
new
to
the
scientific
field
and
often
omitted
from
research.
The
contemporary
approaches
it
are
various,
still
major
of
them
points
that
energy
exists
in
case
national
sector
economy
general
lack
possibilities
provide
sufficient,
safe,
reliable,
affordable
consumers.
This
paper
examines
Pakistan
prove
or
refute
idea
existence
country.
In
addition
Pakistan,
needs
be
defined,
its
reasons
examined
possible
solutions
for
alleviation
provided.
proves
mentioned
with
help
approach
side
international
infrastructure
construction.
proposed
includes
examination
role
BRI
Pakistan.
While
Initiative
has
a
significant
impact
on
country,
isn’t
directly
affected
by
BRI.
results
study
encompass
following:
measurement
through
index
method
developed,
based
demand
supply
imports’
changes;
persists
can’t
alleviated
institutions;
effects
economic
growth
aren’t
automatically
distributed
economy,
especially
country
have
limited
poverty.
