Advanced Sustainable Systems,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Dec. 30, 2024
Abstract
The
present
study
explores
the
synthesis
of
butyl
levulinate
(BL),
a
green
diesel
additive,
using
vanadium‐incorporated
Keggin
phosphomolybdic
acid
(HPVM)
catalysts.
This
highlights
effect
addenda
and
hydrogen
atoms
on
HPVM
catalysts
for
BL
production,
thereby
elucidating
correlation
between
atoms,
acidity,
yield.
are
characterized
Raman
spectroscopy,
FTIR,
XRD,
ammonia‐TPD,
SEM‐EDX,
ICP‐OES
techniques
to
determine
their
structural
properties,
elemental
composition.
Reaction
parameters,
including
time,
temperature,
catalyst
concentration,
stirring
rate,
solvent
volume,
systematically
evaluated
optimize
conversion
levulinic
(LA)
BL.
A
significant
yield
(>96%)
is
obtained
25
wt.%
H
4
PMo
11
VO
40
(H
PVM)
at
100
°C
in
min.
Kinetic
analysis
unveiled
pseudo‐first‐order
reaction
mechanism
with
activation
energies
66.73,
68.81,
71.19
kJ.mol
−1
PVM),
5
10
V
2
O
6
9
3
catalysts,
respectively.
Additionally,
thermodynamic
such
as
enthalpy
(ΔH*),
entropy
(ΔS*),
Gibbs
free
energy
(ΔG*),
determined.
Overall,
this
complex
interplay
energy,
yield,
emphasizing
significance
number
vanadium
performance.
Journal of Chemistry and Environment,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
2(2), P. 14 - 53
Published: Oct. 4, 2023
Catalysis
plays
a
crucial
role
in
sustainable
chemistry,
as
demonstrated
this
review
article.
The
introduction
highlights
the
importance
of
catalysis
sustainability
and
summarizes
research.
In
review,
we
discussed
catalysis,
including
green
criteria,
catalytic
reactions.
These
examples
demonstrate
CO2
conversion,
alcohol
dehydrogenation,
alkene
oxidation,
biomass-to-biofuel
conversion
using
zeolites.
This
study
also
examines
difficulties
like
stability,
synthesis,
design,
recovery,
reuse,
scale-up,
commercialization.
Sustainable
can
be
achieved
via
bio-inspired
catalysts,
renewable
energy
sources,
nano-catalysis
methods,
computational
innovative
catalysts
developed
for
chemistry.
includes
case
studies
CO2,
biomass,
water
treatment,
conversion.
finishes
with
research
directions.
directions
include
studying
metal-free
integrating
other
fuel
cell
technologies,
implementing
industry,
its
environmental
societal
impacts.
topic
covers
photocatalysis,
heterogeneous
electrocatalysis,
highlighting
their
economic
effects.
comprehensive
shows
potential
to
transform
chemical
reactions
while
emphasizing
social
concerns,
improving
Process Safety and Environmental Protection,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
205, P. 312 - 323
Published: March 30, 2024
In
the
context
of
cellulose
valorization,
we
studied
kinetics
levulinates
synthesis
via
solvolysis
5-HMF
by
alcohol
over
Amberlite
IR-120.
The
plays
a
double
role;
it
is
reactant
and
acts
as
solvent.
literature,
kinetic
models
were
developed
for
each
type
alcohol,
but
there
no
combining
dual
effect
alkyl
group
substituent
(ROH)
Such
global
can
save
time
optimize
process
considering
solvent
effect.
This
was
taken
into
account
Kamlet–Abboud–Taft
Taft
equations,
using
Bayesian
inference.
We
levulinate
production
from
in
reaction
mixture
made
GVL
within
temperature
range
80
to
115
°C.
following
alcohols
used:
methanol,
ethanol,
propanol,
butanol,
pentanol,
hexanol.
It
found
that
rate
increases
faster
medium
compared
water
medium,
when
increasing
substitution
(rMLMethanol>rELEthanol>rPLPropanol>rBLButanol>rPeLPentanol>rHeLHexanol>rLAWater).
Among
this
study,
one
neglects
side
humins
be
most
reliable.
Scientific Reports,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
15(1)
Published: March 20, 2025
Levulinic
acid
(LA),
a
biomass-derived
platform
chemical,
serves
as
precursor
for
butyl
levulinate
(BL),
versatile
intermediate
with
various
applications,
notably
green
blending
molecule
diesel
fuel.
In
this
study,
phosphomolybdic
supported
on
ZSM-5
catalysts
was
synthesized
and
utilized
an
effective
heterogeneous
catalyst
the
esterification
of
LA
1-butanol
to
produce
BL.
The
were
characterized
their
structure,
elemental
composition,
surface
area
using
XRD,
FTIR,
HRTEM,
EDS,
BET
analysis.
effect
reaction
parameters,
including
amount,
loading,
calcination
temperature,
time
conversion
BL,
are
systematically
discussed.
achieved
>
95%
BL
yield
maintained
high
stability
even
after
eight
cycles,
highlighting
its
potential
efficient
production.
A
kinetic
investigation
employing
pseudo-homogeneous
model
carried
out
explore
activation
energy
thermodynamic
parameters
pertinent
Additionally,
Nucleophilic
substitution
reactions,
alongside
two
mechanistic
models—Langmuir-Hinshelwood
Eley-Rideal—were
employed
comprehensively
elucidate
mechanism
involved
in
catalytic
processes.
ChemCatChem,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: April 19, 2024
Abstract
Alkyl
levulinates
(ALs)
are
strategic
compounds
for
the
development
of
sustainable
energy
transition.
In
this
regard,
direct
alcoholysis
fructose
and
inulin
selective
ethyl
levulinate
(EL)
production
was
investigated
with
a
One‐Factor‐At‐a‐Time
(OFAT)
approach
employing
diluted
H
2
SO
4
as
catalyst
to
clarify
role
main
reaction
parameters
(substrate
acid
loadings,
temperature,
time).
The
OFAT
investigation
on
ethanolysis
allowed
reach
EL
yield
91.5
mol%.
then
optimized
adopting
multivariate
based
Response
Surface
Methodology
(RSM),
which
highlighted
interplay
production.
This
identify
optimal
conditions
highest
(up
89.3
mol%)
also
those
ensured
concentration,
substrate
loading
(14
wt%)
higher
than
majority
ones
reported
in
literature
according
high
gravity
approach,
lowest
diethyl
ether
(DEE)
by‐product
yield.
DEE
formation
is
scarcely
literature,
but
it
can
negatively
influence
process,
thus
considered
work.
Moreover,
humin
solid
residue
deeply
characterized
envisage
its
possible
applications,
under
circular
economy
perspective.
Foods,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
13(13), P. 1984 - 1984
Published: June 24, 2024
Fructose
is
a
carbohydrate
with
essential
applications
in
the
food
industry,
mainly
due
to
its
high
sweetness
and
low
cost.
The
present
investigation
focused
on
optimising
fructose
production
from
commercial
inulin
using
enzymatic
immobilisation
method
applying
response
surface
methodology
12-run
central
composite
design.
independent
variables
evaluated
were
pH
(−)
temperature
(°C).
substrate
consisted
of
solution
at
concentration
1
g/L,
while
catalyst
enzyme
inulinase
Aspergillus
niger
(EC
232-802-3),
immobilised
2%
m/v
sodium
alginate.
A
stirred
vessel
reactor
was
used
for
90
min
120
rpm,
quantification
reducing
sugars
determined
DNS
colorimetric
UV–Vis
spectrophotometric
methods
540
nm
wavelength.
After
methodology,
it
that
catalytic
activity
allows
maximum
total
productivity
16.4
mg/h
under
3.9
37
°C,
respectively,
an
efficiency
96.4%.
enzymes’
reusability
stability
compared
free
enzymes
evaluated,
obtaining
up
fifth
reuse
cycle
showing
significant
advantages
over
catalyst.
