ABSTRACT
Butyrate-producing
bacteria
have
recently
gained
attention,
since
they
are
important
for
a
healthy
colon
and
when
altered
contribute
to
emerging
diseases,
such
as
ulcerative
colitis
type
II
diabetes.
This
guild
is
polyphyletic
cannot
be
accurately
detected
by
16S
rRNA
gene
sequencing.
Consequently,
approaches
targeting
the
terminal
genes
of
main
butyrate-producing
pathway
been
developed.
However,
additional
pathways
exist
alternative,
newly
recognized
enzymes
catalyzing
reaction
described,
previous
investigations
often
incomplete.
We
undertook
broad
analysis
individual
screening
3,184
sequenced
bacterial
genomes
from
Integrated
Microbial
Genome
database.
Genomes
225
with
potential
produce
butyrate
were
identified,
including
many
previously
unknown
candidates.
The
majority
candidates
belong
distinct
families
within
Firmicutes
,
but
members
nine
other
phyla,
especially
Actinobacteria
Bacteroidetes
Fusobacteria
Proteobacteria
Spirochaetes
Thermotogae
also
identified
producers.
established
catalogue
(3,055
entries)
was
used
screen
synthesis
in
15
metagenomes
derived
stool
samples
individuals
provided
HMP
(Human
Microbiome
Project)
consortium.
A
high
percentage
total
exhibited
(mean,
19.1%;
range,
3.2%
39.4%),
where
acetyl-coenzyme
(CoA)
most
prevalent
79.7%
all
pathways),
followed
lysine
11.2%).
Diversity
acetyl-CoA
showed
that
same
few
firmicute
groups
associated
several
Lachnospiraceae
Ruminococcaceae
dominating
individuals,
whereas
primarily
Bacteroidetes.
IMPORTANCE
research
has
revealed
new,
roles
our
gut
microbiota
maintaining
health,
an
understanding
effects
specific
microbial
functions
on
host
its
infancy,
partly
because
in-depth
functional
analyses
rare
publicly
available
databases
incomplete/misannotated.
In
this
study,
we
focused
production
butyrate,
energy
source
colonocytes,
which
plays
critical
role
health
disease.
complete
database
major
known
pathways,
using
genomic
genomes,
filling
gap
assess
complex
communities
“-omics”-derived
data.
Furthermore,
reference
data
set
containing
abundance
diversity
through
metagenomics-based
assessment.
study
will
help
producers
disease
may
assist
development
treatments
dysbiosis.
Science,
Journal Year:
2012,
Volume and Issue:
336(6086), P. 1262 - 1267
Published: June 6, 2012
The
composition
and
activity
of
the
gut
microbiota
codevelop
with
host
from
birth
is
subject
to
a
complex
interplay
that
depends
on
genome,
nutrition,
life-style.
involved
in
regulation
multiple
metabolic
pathways,
giving
rise
interactive
host-microbiota
metabolic,
signaling,
immune-inflammatory
axes
physiologically
connect
gut,
liver,
muscle,
brain.
A
deeper
understanding
these
prerequisite
for
optimizing
therapeutic
strategies
manipulate
combat
disease
improve
health.
Physiological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
99(4), P. 1877 - 2013
Published: Aug. 28, 2019
The
importance
of
the
gut-brain
axis
in
maintaining
homeostasis
has
long
been
appreciated.
However,
past
15
yr
have
seen
emergence
microbiota
(the
trillions
microorganisms
within
and
on
our
bodies)
as
one
key
regulators
function
led
to
appreciation
a
distinct
microbiota-gut-brain
axis.
This
is
gaining
ever
more
traction
fields
investigating
biological
physiological
basis
psychiatric,
neurodevelopmental,
age-related,
neurodegenerative
disorders.
brain
communicate
with
each
other
via
various
routes
including
immune
system,
tryptophan
metabolism,
vagus
nerve
enteric
nervous
involving
microbial
metabolites
such
short-chain
fatty
acids,
branched
chain
amino
peptidoglycans.
Many
factors
can
influence
composition
early
life,
infection,
mode
birth
delivery,
use
antibiotic
medications,
nature
nutritional
provision,
environmental
stressors,
host
genetics.
At
extreme
diversity
diminishes
aging.
Stress,
particular,
significantly
impact
at
all
stages
life.
Much
recent
work
implicated
gut
many
conditions
autism,
anxiety,
obesity,
schizophrenia,
Parkinson’s
disease,
Alzheimer’s
disease.
Animal
models
paramount
linking
regulation
fundamental
neural
processes,
neurogenesis
myelination,
microbiome
activation
microglia.
Moreover,
translational
human
studies
are
ongoing
will
greatly
enhance
field.
Future
focus
understanding
mechanisms
underlying
attempt
elucidate
microbial-based
intervention
therapeutic
strategies
for
neuropsychiatric
Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
79(3), P. 293 - 320
Published: July 2, 2015
All
plants
are
inhabited
internally
by
diverse
microbial
communities
comprising
bacterial,
archaeal,
fungal,
and
protistic
taxa.
These
microorganisms
showing
endophytic
lifestyles
play
crucial
roles
in
plant
development,
growth,
fitness,
diversification.
The
increasing
awareness
of
information
on
endophytes
provide
insight
into
the
complexity
microbiome.
nature
plant-endophyte
interactions
ranges
from
mutualism
to
pathogenicity.
This
depends
a
set
abiotic
biotic
factors,
including
genotypes
microbes,
environmental
conditions,
dynamic
network
within
biome.
In
this
review,
we
address
concept
endophytism,
considering
latest
insights
evolution,
ecosystem
functioning,
multipartite
interactions.
Science,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
352(6285), P. 560 - 564
Published: April 28, 2016
“Normal”
for
the
gut
microbiota
For
benefit
of
future
clinical
studies,
it
is
critical
to
establish
what
constitutes
a
“normal”
microbiome,
if
exists
at
all.
Through
fecal
samples
and
questionnaires,
Falony
et
al.
Zhernakova
targeted
general
populations
in
Belgium
Netherlands,
respectively.
Gut
composition
correlated
with
range
factors
including
diet,
use
medication,
red
blood
cell
counts,
chromogranin
A,
stool
consistency.
The
data
give
some
hints
possible
biomarkers
normal
communities.
Science
,
this
issue
pp.
560
565
Science,
Journal Year:
2013,
Volume and Issue:
342(6161), P. 967 - 970
Published: Nov. 21, 2013
The
gut
microbiota
influences
both
local
and
systemic
inflammation.
Inflammation
contributes
to
development,
progression,
treatment
of
cancer,
but
it
remains
unclear
whether
commensal
bacteria
affect
inflammation
in
the
sterile
tumor
microenvironment.
Here,
we
show
that
disruption
impairs
response
subcutaneous
tumors
CpG-oligonucleotide
immunotherapy
platinum
chemotherapy.
In
antibiotics-treated
or
germ-free
mice,
tumor-infiltrating
myeloid-derived
cells
responded
poorly
therapy,
resulting
lower
cytokine
production
necrosis
after
deficient
reactive
oxygen
species
cytotoxicity
Thus,
optimal
responses
cancer
therapy
require
an
intact
mediates
its
effects
by
modulating
cell
functions
These
findings
underscore
importance
outcome
disease
treatment.
