The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 99(4), P. 1877 - 2013

Published: Aug. 28, 2019

The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, past 15 yr have seen emergence microbiota (the trillions microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one key regulators function led to appreciation a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This is gaining ever more traction fields investigating biological physiological basis psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, neurodegenerative disorders. brain communicate with each other via various routes including immune system, tryptophan metabolism, vagus nerve enteric nervous involving microbial metabolites such short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence composition early life, infection, mode birth delivery, use antibiotic medications, nature nutritional provision, environmental stressors, host genetics. At extreme diversity diminishes aging. Stress, particular, significantly impact at all stages life. Much recent work implicated gut many conditions autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models paramount linking regulation fundamental neural processes, neurogenesis myelination, microbiome activation microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing will greatly enhance field. Future focus understanding mechanisms underlying attempt elucidate microbial-based intervention therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric

Language: Английский

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Microbiota Modulate Behavioral and Physiological Abnormalities Associated with Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Cell, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 155(7), P. 1451 - 1463

Published: Dec. 1, 2013

Language: Английский

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Animals in a bacterial world, a new imperative for the life sciences

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 110(9), P. 3229 - 3236

Published: Feb. 7, 2013

In the last two decades, widespread application of genetic and genomic approaches has revealed a bacterial world astonishing in its ubiquity diversity. This review examines how growing knowledge vast range animal–bacterial interactions, whether shared ecosystems or intimate symbioses, is fundamentally altering our understanding animal biology. Specifically, we highlight recent technological intellectual advances that have changed thinking about five questions: bacteria facilitated origin evolution animals; do animals affect each other’s genomes; does normal development depend on partners; homeostasis maintained between their symbionts; can ecological deepen multiple levels interaction. As answers to these fundamental questions emerge, all biologists will be challenged broaden appreciation interactions include investigations relationships among partners as seek better natural world.

Language: Английский

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The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota–gut–brain communication

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 16(8), P. 461 - 478

Published: May 23, 2019

Language: Английский

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Population-level analysis of gut microbiome variation

Science, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 352(6285), P. 560 - 564

Published: April 28, 2016

“Normal” for the gut microbiota For benefit of future clinical studies, it is critical to establish what constitutes a “normal” microbiome, if exists at all. Through fecal samples and questionnaires, Falony et al. Zhernakova targeted general populations in Belgium Netherlands, respectively. Gut composition correlated with range factors including diet, use medication, red blood cell counts, chromogranin A, stool consistency. The data give some hints possible biomarkers normal communities. Science , this issue pp. 560 565

Language: Английский

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The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Jan. 31, 2020

A substantial body of evidence supports that the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in regulation metabolic, endocrine and immune functions. In recent years, there has been growing recognition involvement modulation multiple neurochemical pathways through highly interconnected gut-brain axis. Although amazing scientific breakthroughs over last few years have expanded our knowledge on communication between microbes their hosts, underpinnings microbiota-gut-brain crosstalk remain to be determined. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), main metabolites produced colon by bacterial fermentation dietary fibers resistant starch, are speculated play key neuro-immunoendocrine regulation. However, underlying mechanisms which SCFAs might influence brain physiology behavior not fully elucidated. this review, we will outline current about interactions. We also highlight how development future treatments for central nervous system (CNS) disorders can take advantage intimate mutual interactions with exploring function.

Language: Английский

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Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder

Brain Behavior and Immunity, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 48, P. 186 - 194

Published: April 15, 2015

Studies using animal models have shown that depression affects the stability of microbiota, but actual structure and composition in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) are not well understood. Here, we analyzed fecal samples from 46 (29 active-MDD 17 responded-MDD) 30 healthy controls (HCs). High-throughput pyrosequencing showed that, according to Shannon index, increased bacterial α-diversity was found (A-MDD) vs. HC group responded-MDD (R-MDD) group. Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria strongly level, whereas Firmicutes significantly reduced A-MDD R-MDD groups compared Despite profound interindividual variability, levels several predominant genera were different between MDD groups. Most notably, had Enterobacteriaceae Alistipes Faecalibacterium. A negative correlation observed Faecalibacterium severity symptoms. These findings enable a better understanding changes microbiota such patients, showing either predominance some potentially harmful or reduction beneficial genera. Further studies warranted elucidate temporal causal relationships gut evaluate suitability microbiome as biomarker.

Language: Английский

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Gut microbiota are related to Parkinson's disease and clinical phenotype

Movement Disorders, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 30(3), P. 350 - 358

Published: Dec. 5, 2014

In the course of Parkinson's disease (PD), enteric nervous system (ENS) and parasympathetic nerves are amongst structures earliest most frequently affected by alpha-synuclein pathology. Accordingly, gastrointestinal dysfunction, in particular constipation, is an important non-motor symptom PD often precedes onset motor symptoms years. Recent research has shown that intestinal microbiota interact with autonomic central via diverse pathways including ENS vagal nerve. The gut microbiome not been previously investigated. We compared fecal microbiomes 72 patients control subjects pyrosequencing V1-V3 regions bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Associations between clinical parameters were analyzed using generalized linear models, taking into account potential confounders. On average, abundance Prevotellaceae feces was reduced 77.6% as controls. Relative 6.5% or less had 86.1% sensitivity 38.9% specificity for PD. A logistic regression classifier based on four families severity constipation identified 66.7% 90.3% specificity. relative Enterobacteriaceae positively associated postural instability gait difficulty. These findings suggest altered related to phenotype. Further studies warranted elucidate temporal causal relationships suitability a biomarker.

Language: Английский

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Gut microbiome alterations in Alzheimer’s disease

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: Oct. 13, 2017

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. However, etiopathogenesis this devastating not fully understood. Recent studies in rodents suggest that alterations gut microbiome may contribute to amyloid deposition, yet microbial communities associated with AD have been characterized humans. Towards end, we bacterial taxonomic composition fecal samples from participants and without a diagnosis dementia due AD. Our analyses revealed has decreased diversity compositionally distinct control age- sex-matched individuals. We identified phylum- through genus-wide differences abundance including Firmicutes, increased Bacteroidetes, Bifidobacterium participants. Furthermore, observed correlations between levels differentially abundant genera cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers These findings add growing list diseases alterations, as well be target for therapeutic intervention.

Language: Английский

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Major depressive disorder

Nature Reviews Disease Primers, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 2(1)

Published: Sept. 15, 2016

Language: Английский

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