Journal of Hematology & Oncology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
15(1)
Published: June 3, 2022
Hypoxia,
a
common
feature
of
the
tumor
microenvironment
in
various
types
cancers,
weakens
cytotoxic
T
cell
function
and
causes
recruitment
regulatory
cells,
thereby
reducing
tumoral
immunogenicity.
Studies
have
demonstrated
that
hypoxia
hypoxia-inducible
factors
(HIFs)
1
2
alpha
(HIF1A
HIF2A)
are
involved
immune
escape.
Under
hypoxia,
activation
HIF1A
induces
series
signaling
events,
including
through
programmed
death
receptor-1/programmed
ligand-1.
Moreover,
triggers
shedding
complex
class
I
chain-associated
molecules
nitric
oxide
impairment
to
disrupt
surveillance
by
natural
killer
cells.
The
HIF-1-galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase
1-sulfatide
axis
enhances
escape
via
increased
cell-platelet
binding.
HIF2A
upregulates
stem
factor
expression
recruit
tumor-infiltrating
mast
cells
increase
levels
cytokines
interleukin-10
transforming
growth
factor-β,
resulting
an
immunosuppressive
microenvironment.
Additionally,
tumor-associated
long
noncoding
RNAs
suppresses
function,
enabling
Overall,
elucidating
underlying
mechanisms
which
HIFs
promote
evasion
will
allow
for
targeting
HIF
treatment.
This
review
discusses
current
knowledge
how
facilitate
escape,
with
evidence
date
implicating
as
molecular
target
such
provides
further
insight
into
mechanism
strategies
immunotherapy
suggested.
Cell Metabolism,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
33(10), P. 2040 - 2058.e10
Published: Sept. 23, 2021
One
of
the
defining
characteristics
a
pre-metastatic
niche,
fundamental
requirement
for
primary
tumor
metastasis,
is
infiltration
immunosuppressive
macrophages.
How
these
macrophages
acquire
their
phenotype
remains
largely
unexplored.
Here,
we
demonstrate
that
tumor-derived
exosomes
(TDEs)
polarize
toward
an
characterized
by
increased
PD-L1
expression
through
NF-kB-dependent,
glycolytic-dominant
metabolic
reprogramming.
TDE
signaling
TLR2
and
NF-κB
leads
to
glucose
uptake.
TDEs
also
stimulate
elevated
NOS2,
which
inhibits
mitochondrial
oxidative
phosphorylation
resulting
in
conversion
pyruvate
lactate.
Lactate
feeds
back
on
NF-κB,
further
increasing
PD-L1.
Analysis
metastasis-negative
lymph
nodes
non-small-cell
lung
cancer
patients
revealed
macrophage
positively
correlates
with
levels
GLUT-1
vesicle
release
gene
YKT6
from
tumors.
Collectively,
our
study
provides
novel
mechanism
within
niche
identifies
important
link
among
exosomes,
metabolism,
metastasis.
Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
11(9), P. 2783 - 2797
Published: Jan. 10, 2021
Exosomes
are
cell-derived
nanovesicles
with
diameters
from
30
to
150
nm,
released
upon
fusion
of
multivesicular
bodies
the
cell
surface.
They
can
transport
nucleic
acids,
proteins,
and
lipids
for
intercellular
communication
activate
signaling
pathways
in
target
cells.
In
cancers,
exosomes
may
participate
growth
metastasis
tumors
by
regulating
immune
response,
blocking
epithelial-mesenchymal
transition,
promoting
angiogenesis.
also
involved
development
resistance
chemotherapeutic
drugs.
liquid
biopsies
be
used
as
non-invasive
biomarkers
early
detection
diagnosis
cancers.
Because
their
amphipathic
structure,
natural
drug
delivery
vehicles
cancer
therapy.
Journal of Hematology & Oncology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
13(1)
Published: Nov. 10, 2020
Abstract
Exosomes
are
a
subset
of
extracellular
vesicles
that
carry
specific
combinations
proteins,
nucleic
acids,
metabolites,
and
lipids.
Mounting
evidence
suggests
exosomes
participate
in
intercellular
communication
act
as
important
molecular
vehicles
the
regulation
numerous
physiological
pathological
processes,
including
cancer
development.
released
by
various
cell
types
under
both
normal
conditions,
they
can
be
found
multiple
bodily
fluids.
Moreover,
carrying
wide
variety
macromolecules
provide
window
into
altered
cellular
or
tissue
states.
Their
presence
biological
fluids
renders
them
an
attractive,
minimally
invasive
approach
for
liquid
biopsies
with
potential
biomarkers
diagnosis,
prediction,
surveillance.
Due
to
their
biocompatibility
low
immunogenicity
cytotoxicity,
have
clinical
applications
development
innovative
therapeutic
approaches.
Here,
we
summarize
recent
advances
technologies
exosome
isolation
research.
We
outline
functions
regulating
tumor
metastasis,
drug
resistance,
immune
modulation
context
Finally,
discuss
prospects
challenges
exosome-based
therapeutics.
Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
40(1)
Published: June 4, 2021
Abstract
The
cytotoxic
T-lymphocyte–associated
antigen
4
(CTLA-4)/B7
and
programmed
death
1
(PD-1)/
cell
death-ligand
(PD-L1)
are
two
most
representative
immune
checkpoint
pathways,
which
negatively
regulate
T
function
during
different
phases
of
T-cell
activation.
Inhibitors
targeting
CTLA-4/B7
PD1/PD-L1
pathways
have
revolutionized
immunotherapies
for
numerous
cancer
types.
Although
the
combined
anti-CTLA-4/B7
anti-PD1/PD-L1
therapy
has
demonstrated
promising
clinical
efficacy,
only
a
small
percentage
patients
receiving
or
experienced
prolonged
survival.
Regulation
expression
PD-L1
CTLA-4
significantly
impacts
treatment
effect.
Understanding
in-depth
mechanisms
interplays
could
help
identify
with
better
immunotherapy
responses
promote
their
care.
In
this
review,
regulation
is
discussed
at
levels
DNA,
RNA,
proteins,
as
well
indirect
biomarkers,
localization
within
cell,
drugs.
Specifically,
some
potential
drugs
been
developed
to
expressions
high
efficiency.
Cells,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
10(8), P. 1959 - 1959
Published: Aug. 1, 2021
Exosomes
are
a
type
of
extracellular
vesicles,
produced
within
multivesicular
bodies,
that
then
released
into
the
space
through
merging
body
with
plasma
membrane.
These
vesicles
secreted
by
almost
all
cell
types
to
aid
in
vast
array
cellular
functions,
including
intercellular
communication,
differentiation
and
proliferation,
angiogenesis,
stress
response,
immune
signaling.
This
ability
contribute
several
distinct
processes
is
due
complexity
exosomes,
as
they
carry
multitude
signaling
moieties,
proteins,
lipids,
surface
receptors,
enzymes,
cytokines,
transcription
factors,
nucleic
acids.
The
favorable
biological
properties
exosomes
biocompatibility,
stability,
low
toxicity,
proficient
exchange
molecular
cargos
make
prime
candidates
for
tissue
engineering
regenerative
medicine.
Exploring
functions
payloads
can
facilitate
regeneration
therapies
provide
mechanistic
insight
paracrine
modulation
activities.
In
this
review,
we
summarize
current
knowledge
exosome
biogenesis,
composition,
isolation
methods.
We
also
discuss
emerging
healing
exosomal
cargos,
such
microRNAs,
brain
injuries,
cardiovascular
disease,
COVID-19
amongst
others.
Overall,
review
highlights
burgeoning
roles
potential
applications
Molecular Cancer,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
21(1)
Published: Nov. 1, 2022
Abstract
Exosomes
are
well-known
key
mediators
of
intercellular
communication
and
contribute
to
various
physiological
pathological
processes.
Their
biogenesis
involves
four
steps,
including
cargo
sorting,
MVB
formation
maturation,
transport
MVBs,
fusion
with
the
plasma
membrane.
Each
process
is
modulated
through
competition
or
coordination
multiple
mechanisms,
whereby
diverse
repertoires
molecular
cargos
sorted
into
distinct
subpopulations
exosomes,
resulting
in
high
heterogeneity
exosomes.
Intriguingly,
cancer
cells
exploit
strategies,
such
as
aberrant
gene
expression,
posttranslational
modifications,
altered
signaling
pathways,
regulate
biogenesis,
composition,
eventually
functions
exosomes
promote
progression.
Therefore,
exosome
biogenesis-targeted
therapy
being
actively
explored.
In
this
review,
we
systematically
summarize
recent
progress
understanding
machinery
how
it
regulated
context
cancer.
particular,
highlight
pharmacological
targeting
a
promising
therapeutic
strategy.
