TIR-domain enzymatic activities at the heart of plant immunity

Current Opinion in Plant Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 74, P. 102373 - 102373

Published: May 5, 2023

Toll/interleukin-1/resistance (TIR) domain proteins contribute to innate immunity in all cellular kingdoms. TIR modules are activated by self-association and plants, mammals bacteria, some TIRs have enzymatic functions that crucial for disease resistance and/or cell death. Many plant TIR-only pathogen effector-activated TIR-domain NLR receptors NAD+ hydrolysing enzymes. Biochemical, structural functional studies established both TIR-protein types, certain bacterial TIRs, NADase activity generates bioactive signalling intermediates which promote resistance. A set of TIR-catalysed nucleotide isomers was discovered bind activate EDS1 complexes, promoting their interactions with co-functioning helper NLRs. Analysis enzymes across kingdoms fills an important gap understanding how disturbance induces TIR-regulated immune responses.

Language: Английский

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New Biochemical Principles for NLR Immunity in Plants

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 36(8), P. 468 - 475

Published: Aug. 1, 2023

While working for the United States Department of Agriculture on North Dakota Agricultural College campus in Fargo, Dakota, 1940s and 1950s, Harold H. Flor formulated genetic principles coevolving plant host-pathogen interactions that govern disease resistance or susceptibility. His ‘gene-for-gene’ legacy runs deep modern pathology continues to inform molecular models immune recognition signaling. In this review, we discuss recent biochemical insights immunity conferred by nucleotide-binding domain/leucine-rich-repeat (NLR) receptors, which are major gene-for-gene determinants nature cultivated crops. Structural analyses pathogen-activated NLR oligomers (resistosomes) reveal how different subtypes converge various ways calcium (Ca 2+ ) signaling promote pathogen host cell death. Especially striking is identification nucleotide-based signals generated enzymatically toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain NLRs. These small molecules part an emerging family TIR-produced cyclic noncyclic nucleotide steer cell-death responses bacteria, mammals, plants. A combined genetic, molecular, understanding activation provides exciting new opportunities combatting diseases [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This open access article distributed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

Language: Английский

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Innate immune responses to RNA: sensing and signaling

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: Jan. 25, 2024

Nucleic acids are among the most essential PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns). Animals have evolved numerous sensors to recognize nucleic and trigger immune signaling against pathogen replication, cellular stress cancer. Many sensor proteins (e.g., cGAS, AIM2, TLR9) signature of infection or responsible for innate response DNA. Remarkably, recent evidence demonstrates that cGAS-like receptors acquire ability sense RNA in some forms life. Compared with nucleic-acid sensing by responses based on various sensors, including RIG-I, MDA5, ADAR1, TLR3/7/8, OAS1, PKR, NLRP1/6, ZBP1, via a broad-spectrum axis. Importantly, new advances brought light potential clinical application targeting these pathways. Here, we highlight latest discoveries field. We also summarize activation regulatory mechanisms RNA-sensing signaling. In addition, discuss how is tightly controlled cells why disruption homeostasis linked disease.

Language: Английский

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Phage-triggered reverse transcription assembles a toxic repetitive gene from a noncoding RNA

Science, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 386(6717)

Published: Aug. 29, 2024

Reverse transcription has frequently been co-opted for cellular functions and in prokaryotes is associated with protection against viral infection, but the underlying mechanisms of defense are generally unknown. Here, we show that DRT2 system, reverse transcriptase binds a neighboring pseudoknotted noncoding RNA. Upon bacteriophage template region this RNA transcribed into an array tandem repeats reconstitute promoter open reading frame, allowing expression toxic repetitive protein abortive infection response. Biochemical reconstitution activity cryo–electron microscopy provide molecular basis repeat synthesis. Gene synthesis from previously unknown mode genetic regulation prokaryotes.

Language: Английский

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Phase separation as a new form of regulation in innate immunity

Molecular Cell, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 84(13), P. 2410 - 2422

Published: June 26, 2024

Language: Английский

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The immune modules conserved across the tree of life: Towards a definition of ancestral immunity

PLoS Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 22(7), P. e3002717 - e3002717

Published: July 15, 2024

Immune defence mechanisms exist across the tree of life in such diversity that prokaryotic antiviral responses have historically been considered unrelated to eukaryotic immunity. Mechanisms divergent eukaryotes were similarly believed be largely clade specific. However, recent data indicate a subset modules (domains and proteins) from prokaryote systems are conserved populate many stages innate immune pathways. In this Essay, we propose notion ancestral immunity, which corresponds set between prokaryotes eukaryotes. After offering typology speculate on selective pressures could led differential conservation specific domains life. The exploration immunity is its infancy appears full promises illuminate evolution, also identify decipher economic, ecological, therapeutic importance.

Language: Английский

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Bacteria- and Phage-Derived Proteins in Phage Infection

Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 30(2)

Published: Feb. 14, 2025

Phages have exerted severe evolutionary pressure on prokaryotes over billions of years, resulting in major rearrangements. Without every enzyme involved the phage–bacterium interaction being examined; bacteriophages cannot be used practical applications. Numerous studies conducted past few years uncovered a huge variety bacterial antiphage defense systems; nevertheless, mechanisms most these systems are not fully understood. Understanding interactions between bacteriophage and proteins is important for efficient host cell infection. Phage bacteriophage–host often arise immediately after Here, we review main groups phage enzymes first stage viral infection responsible degradation membrane. These include polysaccharide depolymerases (endosialidases, endorhamnosidases, alginate lyases, hyaluronate lyases), peptidoglycan hydrolases (ectolysins endolysins). Host target inhibited, activated, or functionally redirected by protein. determine bacteria. Proteins interest holins, endolysins, spanins, which release progeny during lytic cycle. This describes analyzes therapeutic potential bacteriophage-derived proteins.

Language: Английский

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A cell wall-associated kinase phosphorylates NLR immune receptor to negatively regulate resistosome formation

Nature Plants, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 21, 2025

Language: Английский

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Emerging principles in the design of bioengineered made-to-order plant immune receptors

Current Opinion in Plant Biology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 70, P. 102311 - 102311

Published: Nov. 12, 2022

Language: Английский

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Emergence of the fungal immune system

iScience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 26(6), P. 106793 - 106793

Published: May 3, 2023

Investigation of fungal biology has been frequently motivated by the fact that many species are important plant and animal pathogens. Such efforts have contributed significantly toward our understanding pathogenic lifestyles (virulence factors strategies) interplay with host immune systems. In parallel, work on allorecognition systems leading to characterization regulated cell death determinants pathways, instrumental for emergent concept immunity. The uncovered evolutionary

Language: Английский

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