Frontiers in Physiology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
14
Published: Feb. 16, 2023
Neurotransmitters
are
crucial
for
the
relay
of
signals
between
neurons
and
their
target.
Monoamine
neurotransmitters
dopamine
(DA),
serotonin
(5-HT),
histamine
found
in
both
invertebrates
mammals
known
to
control
key
physiological
aspects
health
disease.
Others,
such
as
octopamine
(OA)
tyramine
(TA),
abundant
invertebrates.
TA
is
expressed
Caenorhabditis
elegans
Drosophila
melanogaster
plays
important
roles
regulation
essential
life
functions
each
organism.
OA
thought
act
mammalian
homologs
epinephrine
norepinephrine
respectively,
when
triggered,
they
response
various
stressors
fight-or-flight
response.
5-HT
regulates
a
wide
range
behaviors
C.
including
egg-laying,
male
mating,
locomotion,
pharyngeal
pumping.
acts
predominantly
through
its
receptors,
which
classes
have
been
described
flies
worms.
The
adult
brain
composed
approximately
80
serotonergic
neurons,
involved
modulation
circadian
rhythm,
feeding,
aggression,
long-term
memory
formation.
DA
major
monoamine
neurotransmitter
that
mediates
variety
critical
organismal
synaptic
transmission
it
mammals,
also
precursor
synthesis
adrenaline
noradrenaline.
In
receptors
play
generally
grouped
into
two
classes,
D1-like
D2-like
based
on
predicted
coupling
downstream
G
proteins.
uses
photoreceptors
well
small
number
CNS.
does
not
use
neurotransmitter.
Here,
we
review
comprehensive
set
amine
invertebrates,
discuss
biological
modulatory
using
vast
literature
elegans.
We
suggest
potential
interactions
aminergic
systems
neurophysiological
activity
behavior.
Making
inferences
about
the
computations
performed
by
neuronal
circuits
from
synapse-level
connectivity
maps
is
an
emerging
opportunity
in
neuroscience.
The
mushroom
body
(MB)
well
positioned
for
developing
and
testing
such
approach
due
to
its
conserved
architecture,
recently
completed
dense
connectome,
extensive
prior
experimental
studies
of
roles
learning,
memory,
activity
regulation.
Here,
we
identify
new
components
MB
circuit
Drosophila,
including
visual
input
output
neurons
(MBONs)
with
direct
connections
descending
neurons.
We
find
unexpected
structure
sensory
inputs,
transfer
information
different
modalities
MBONs,
modulation
that
dopaminergic
(DANs).
provide
insights
into
circuitry
used
integrate
outputs,
between
central
complex
inputs
DANs,
feedback
MBONs.
Our
results
a
foundation
further
theoretical
work.
Annual Review of Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
43(1), P. 465 - 484
Published: April 14, 2020
The
Drosophila
brain
contains
a
relatively
simple
circuit
for
forming
Pavlovian
associations,
yet
it
achieves
many
operations
common
across
memory
systems.
Recent
advances
have
established
clear
framework
learning
and
revealed
the
following
key
operations:
a)
pattern
separation,
whereby
dense
combinatorial
representations
of
odors
are
preprocessed
to
generate
highly
specific,
nonoverlapping
odor
patterns
used
learning;
b)
convergence,
in
which
sensory
information
is
funneled
small
set
output
neurons
that
guide
behavioral
actions;
c)
plasticity,
where
changing
mapping
input
requires
strong
reinforcement
signal,
also
modulated
by
internal
state
environmental
context;
d)
modularization,
consists
multiple
parallel
traces,
distinct
stability
flexibility
exist
anatomically
well-defined
modules
within
network.
Cross-module
interactions
allow
higher-order
effects
past
experience
influences
future
learning.
Many
these
parallels
with
processes
formation
action
selection
more
complex
brains.
Dopaminergic
neurons
with
distinct
projection
patterns
and
physiological
properties
compose
memory
subsystems
in
a
brain.
However,
it
is
poorly
understood
whether
or
how
they
interact
during
complex
learning.
Here,
we
identify
feedforward
circuit
formed
between
dopamine
show
that
essential
for
second-order
conditioning,
an
ethologically
important
form
of
higher-order
associative
The
Drosophila
mushroom
body
comprises
series
dopaminergic
compartments,
each
which
exhibits
dynamics.
We
find
slow
stable
compartment
can
serve
as
effective
‘teacher’
by
instructing
other
faster
transient
compartments
via
single
key
interneuron,
connectome
analysis
neurotransmitter
prediction.
This
excitatory
interneuron
acquires
enhanced
response
to
reward-predicting
odor
after
first-order
conditioning
and,
upon
activation,
evokes
release
the
‘student’
compartments.
These
hierarchical
connections
explain
first-
long
known
behavioral
psychologists.
Animals
employ
diverse
learning
rules
and
synaptic
plasticity
dynamics
to
record
temporal
statistical
information
about
the
world.
However,
molecular
mechanisms
underlying
this
diversity
are
poorly
understood.
The
anatomically
defined
compartments
of
insect
mushroom
body
function
as
parallel
units
associative
learning,
with
different
rates,
memory
decay
flexibility
(Aso
Rubin,
2016).
Here,
we
show
that
nitric
oxide
(NO)
acts
a
neurotransmitter
in
subset
dopaminergic
neurons
Drosophila
.
NO’s
effects
develop
more
slowly
than
those
dopamine
depend
on
soluble
guanylate
cyclase
postsynaptic
Kenyon
cells.
NO
antagonistically
dopamine;
it
shortens
retention
facilitates
rapid
updating
memories.
interplay
enables
memories
stored
local
domains
along
cell
axons
be
specialized
for
predicting
value
odors
based
only
recent
events.
Our
results
provide
key
mechanistic
insights
into
how
established
systems.
Current Biology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
32(20), P. 4438 - 4450.e5
Published: Sept. 20, 2022
Effective
and
stimulus-specific
learning
is
essential
for
animals'
survival.
Two
major
mechanisms
are
known
to
aid
stimulus
specificity
of
associative
learning.
One
accurate
representations
in
neurons.
The
second
a
limited
effective
temporal
window
the
reinforcing
signals
induce
neuromodulation
after
sensory
stimuli.
However,
these
often
imperfect
preventing
unspecific
associations;
different
stimuli
can
be
represented
by
overlapping
populations
neurons,
more
importantly,
alone
even
without
coincident
sensory-evoked
neuronal
activity.
Here,
we
report
crucial
neuromodulatory
mechanism
that
counteracts
both
limitations
thereby
In
Drosophila,
olfactory
sparsely
cholinergic
Kenyon
cells
(KCs),
which
receive
dopaminergic
input.
We
find
KCs
have
numerous
axo-axonic
connections
mediated
muscarinic
type-B
receptor
(mAChR-B).
By
using
functional
imaging
optogenetic
approaches,
show
suppress
odor-evoked
calcium
responses
dopamine-evoked
cAMP
neighboring
KCs.
Strikingly,
behavior
experiments
demonstrate
mAChR-B
knockdown
impairs
inducing
undesired
changes
valence
an
odor
was
not
associated
with
reinforcer.
Thus,
this
local
acts
concert
sparse
global
modulation
achieve
memory
formation.