Water,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
13(11), P. 1527 - 1527
Published: May 29, 2021
As
the
most
important
resource
for
life,
water
has
been
a
central
issue
on
international
agenda
several
decades.
Yet,
world’s
supply
of
clean
freshwater
is
steadily
decreasing
due
to
extensive
agricultural
demand
irrigated
lands.
Therefore,
resources
should
be
used
with
greater
efficiency,
and
use
non-traditional
resources,
such
as
Treated
Wastewater
(TW),
increased.
Reusing
TW
could
an
alternative
option
increase
resources.
Thus,
many
countries
have
decided
turn
wastewater
into
irrigation
help
meet
urban
address
shortages.
However,
because
nature
that
water,
there
are
potential
problems
associated
its
in
irrigation.
Some
major
concerns
health
hazards,
salinity
build-up,
toxicity
hazards.
The
objectives
this
comprehensive
literature
review
illuminate
importance
using
source
assess
effects
soil
fertility
other
properties,
plants,
public
health.
reveals
reuse
become
part
extension
program
boosting
utilization.
uncontrolled
application
waters
unfavorable
both
soils
especially
long-term.
To
reduce
these
when
irrigation,
proper
guidelines
management
followed
limit
negative
significantly.
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
38(9)
Published: July 4, 2022
Abstract
Antimicrobial
pharmaceuticals
are
classified
as
emergent
micropollutants
of
concern,
implying
that
even
at
low
concentrations,
long-term
exposure
to
the
environment
can
have
significant
eco-toxicological
effects.
There
is
a
lack
standardized
regulatory
framework
governing
permissible
antibiotic
content
for
monitoring
environmental
water
quality
standards.
Therefore,
indiscriminate
discharge
antimicrobials
potentially
active
concentrations
into
urban
wastewater
treatment
facilities
rampant.
Antimicrobials
may
exert
selective
pressure
on
bacteria,
leading
resistance
development
and
eventual
health
consequences.
The
emergence
clinically
important
multiple
antibiotic-resistant
bacteria
in
untreated
hospital
effluents
plants
(WWTPs)
has
been
linked
continuous
antimicrobials.
levels
antibiotics
their
correlation
evolution
spread
resistant
need
be
elucidated
help
formulation
mitigation
measures.
This
review
explores
frequently
detected
gives
comprehensive
coverage
bacterial
mechanisms
different
classes
through
expression
wide
variety
genes
either
inherent
and/or
exchanged
among
or
acquired
from
reservoir
(ARGs)
systems.
To
complement
removal
ARGs
WWTPs,
upscaling
implementation
prospective
interventions
such
vaccines,
phage
therapy,
natural
compounds
alternatives
widespread
use
provides
multifaceted
approach
minimize
antimicrobial
resistance.
