The Role of Ceramides in Insulin Resistance

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: Aug. 21, 2019

Resistance to insulin is a pathophysiological state related the decreased response of peripheral tissues action, hyperinsulinemia and raised blood glucose levels caused by increased hepatic outflow. All above precede onset full-blown type 2 diabetes. According World Health Organization (WHO), in 2016 more than 1.9 billion people over 18 years age were overweight about 600 million obese. Currently, primary hypothesis explaining probability occurrence resistance assigns fundamental role lipids accumulation adipocytes or nonadipose tissue (muscle, liver) locally developing chronic inflammation hypertrophy. However, major molecular pathways are unknown. The sphingolipid ceramide main culprit that combines plethora nutrients (e.g., saturated fatty acids) inflammatory cytokines TNFα) progression resistance. obese humans, rodents Western-diet non-human primates line with diabetes, hypertension, cardiac failure atherosclerosis. In hypertrophied adipose tissue, after excel their storage capacity, neutral begin accumulate tissues, inducing organ dysfunction. Furthermore, obesity closely development release directly from macrophages infiltrate tissue. Enzymes taking part metabolism potential therapeutic targets manipulate sphingolipids content either inhibition synthesis through stimulation ceramides degradation. this review, we will evaluate mechanisms responsible for possible perspectives.

Language: Английский

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White Adipose Tissue Is a Reservoir for Memory T Cells and Promotes Protective Memory Responses to Infection

Immunity, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 47(6), P. 1154 - 1168.e6

Published: Dec. 1, 2017

Language: Английский

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The clinical potential of circulating microRNAs in obesity

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 15(12), P. 731 - 743

Published: Oct. 14, 2019

Language: Английский

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AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) Regulates Energy Metabolism through Modulating Thermogenesis in Adipose Tissue

Frontiers in Physiology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Feb. 21, 2018

Obesity occurs when excess energy accumulates in white adipose tissue (WAT), whereas brown (BAT), which is specialized dissipating through thermogenesis, potently counteracts obesity. White adipocytes can be converted to thermogenic "brown-like" cells (beige cells; WAT browning) under various stimuli, such as cold exposure. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) a crucial sensor that regulates metabolism multiple tissues. However, the role of AMPK function, especially browning process, not fully understood. To illuminate effect adipocyte on metabolism, we generated Adiponectin-Cre-driven tissue-specific α1/α2 KO mice (AKO). These AKO were intolerant and their inguinal displayed impaired mitochondrial integrity biogenesis, reduced expression markers upon High-fat-diet (HFD)-fed exhibited increased adiposity exacerbated hepatic steatosis fibrosis glucose tolerance insulin sensitivity. Meanwhile, expenditure oxygen consumption markedly decreased both basal conditions after stimulation with β3-adrenergic receptor agonist, CL 316,243. In contrast, found HFD-fed obese mouse model, chronic activation by A-769662 protected against obesity related metabolic dysfunction. alleviated HFD-induced intolerance body weight gain expansion. Notably, mice. treatment also induced process fat depot Likewise, enhanced thermogenesis differentiated stromal vascular fraction (SVF) via signaling pathway. summary, lack AMPKα impairment response nutrient-overload, respectively, promoted findings reveal vital for regulating maintaining homeostasis, suggests targeted may promising strategy anti-obesity therapy.

Language: Английский

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Influence of gender and menopausal status on gut microbiota

Maturitas, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 116, P. 43 - 53

Published: July 20, 2018

Language: Английский

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