Emotion, motivation, decision-making, the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and the amygdala

Brain Structure and Function, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 228(5), P. 1201 - 1257

Published: May 13, 2023

The orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala are involved in emotion motivation, but the relationship between these functions performed by brain structures is not clear. To address this, a unified theory of motivation described which motivational states instrumental goal-directed actions to obtain rewards or avoid punishers, emotional that elicited when reward punisher received. This greatly simplifies our understanding for same set genes associated systems can define primary unlearned punishers such as sweet taste pain. Recent evidence on connectivity human indicates value experienced with outputs cortical regions including those language, key region depression changes motivation. has weak effective back humans, implicated brainstem-mediated responses stimuli freezing autonomic activity, rather than declarative emotion. anterior cingulate learning rewards, ventromedial prefrontal providing goals navigation reward-related effects memory consolidation mediated partly via cholinergic system.

Language: Английский

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A consensus on the definition of positive animal welfare

Biology Letters, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 21(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

The concept of animal welfare is evolving due to progress in our scientific understanding biology and changing societal expectations. Animal science has been primarily concerned with minimizing suffering, but there growing interest also promoting positive experiences, grouped under the term (PAW). However, are discrepancies use PAW. An interdisciplinary group arrived at a consensus that ‘PAW can be defined as flourishing through experience predominantly mental states development competence resilience. PAW goes beyond ensuring good physical health prevention alleviation suffering. It encompasses animals experiencing resulting from rewarding including having choices opportunities actively pursue goals achieve desired outcomes’. definition considers individual species-specific differences. provides framework for researchers investigate thereby generate innovative, informative reproducible science. Studies contribute richer picture an animal’s life may elucidate biological foundations happiness. creates inspire align care practices, legislation markets

Language: Английский

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A missing link in affect regulation: the cerebellum

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 17(12), P. 1068 - 1081

Published: June 22, 2022

Abstract The cerebellum is one-third the size of cerebrum yet holds twice number neurons. Historically, its sole function was thought to be in calibration smooth movements through creation and ongoing modification motor programs. This traditional viewpoint has been challenged by findings showing that cerebellar damage can lead striking changes non-motor behavior, including emotional changes. In this manuscript, we review literature on clinical subclinical affective disturbances observed individuals with lesions cerebellum. Disorders include pathological laughing crying, bipolar disorder, depression mixed mood We propose a theoretical model based connectivity explain how calibrates affect. conclude actionable steps for future researchers test improve upon limitations past literature.

Language: Английский

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Sentientism, Motivation, and Philosophical Vulcans

Pacific philosophical quarterly, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 104(2), P. 301 - 323

Published: July 12, 2022

Abstract If moral status depends on the capacity for consciousness, what kind of consciousness matters exactly? Two popular answers are that any (Broad Sentientism), and is pleasure suffering (Narrow Sentientism). I argue broad answer too broad, while narrow likely narrow, as Chalmers has recently argued by appeal to ‘philosophical Vulcans’. defend a middle position, Motivational Sentientism, which motivating consciousness: presents its subject with reasons action.

Language: Английский

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The neurobiology of aesthetic chills: How bodily sensations shape emotional experiences

Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 24(4), P. 617 - 630

Published: Feb. 21, 2024

The phenomenon of aesthetic chills-shivers and goosebumps associated with either rewarding or threatening stimuli-offers a unique window into the brain basis conscious reward because their universal nature simultaneous subjective physical counterparts. Elucidating neural mechanisms underlying chills can reveal fundamental insights about emotion, consciousness, embodied mind. What is precise timing mechanism bodily feedback in emotional experience? How are feelings motivations generated from interoceptive predictions? role uncertainty precision signaling shaping emotions? does distinguish balance processing rewards versus threats? We review neuroimaging evidence highlight key questions for understanding how sensations shape feelings. This research stands to advance models brain-body interactions affect may lead novel nonpharmacological interventions disorders motivation pleasure.

Language: Английский

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Smooth Talking and Fast Music: Understanding the Importance of Voice and Music in Travel and Tourism Ads via Acoustic Analytics

Journal of Travel Research, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 63(5), P. 1070 - 1085

Published: July 17, 2023

Travel and tourism advertising is critical in developing positive associations to attract visitor patronage build sustainable post-pandemic tourism. An important part of an message delivered through voice other aspects audio, for example, music. However, how audio features impact viewers travel advertisements remains unexplored the research. This study implements advanced analytics test various upon viewers. The results show that quality affect; advertisement prefer speakers with quieter voices (less mean intensity) have a higher level clarity (higher harmonics-to-noise ratio). can be explained via heuristic route heuristic-systematic model. Music tempo was found stimulating reactions from advertisements, faster music being associated affect. paper concludes practical theoretical implications, limitations, suggestions future

Language: Английский

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Reward Processing and Circuit Dysregulation in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Frontiers in Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: May 28, 2021

Past decades have witnessed substantial progress in understanding of neurobiological mechanisms that contribute to generation various PTSD symptoms, including intrusive memories, physiological arousal and avoidance trauma reminders. However, the neurobiology anhedonia emotional numbing PTSD, been conceptualized as reward processing deficits - wanting (anticipation reward) liking (satisfaction with outcome), respectively, remains largely unexplored. Empirical evidence on is rather limited, no studies examined association abnormalities neurocircuitry-based models pathophysiology. The manuscript briefly summarizes “state science” both human processing, implicated neurocircuitry, well empirical PTSD. We then summarize current gaps literature outline key future directions, further illustrating it by example two alternative explanations pathophysiology potentially affecting via different pathways. Studying will not only advance their link, but also could enhance treatment approaches specifically targeting symptoms patients.

Language: Английский

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Brain regulation of hunger and motivation: The case for integrating homeostatic and hedonic concepts and its implications for obesity and addiction

Appetite, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 177, P. 106146 - 106146

Published: June 23, 2022

Language: Английский

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Neuropsychiatric Model of Addiction Simplified

Psychiatric Clinics of North America, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 45(3), P. 321 - 334

Published: July 31, 2022

Language: Английский

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Perceptual Experience

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Sept. 1, 2022

Abstract This book offers an account of perceptual experience—its intrinsic nature, its engagement with the world, relations to mental states other kinds, and role in epistemic norms. One book’s main claims is that experience constitutively involves representations worldly items. A second claim relevant form representation can be explained broadly biological terms. After defending these foundational doctrines, proceeds give appearances how they are related objective world. Appearances turn out relational, viewpoint dependent properties external objects. There also a complementary objects possess represented. Another major concern phenomenological dimension perception. The maintains phenomenology reductively terms representational contents experiences, it uses this doctrine undercut traditional arguments for dualism. treatment then expanded encompass cognitive phenomenology, moods emotions, pain. next topic various forms consciousness possess. principal aim show metaphysically independent consciousness, another de-mystify known as phenomenal consciousness. concludes by discussing kinds experiences bear higher level states, including format, content, justification or support.

Language: Английский

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