Cerebellar control of targeted tongue movements

The Journal of Physiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 26, 2025

Abstract The cerebellum is critical for coordinating movements related to eating, drinking and swallowing, all of which require proper control the tongue. Cerebellar Purkinje cells can encode tongue movements, but it unclear how their simple spikes complex induce changes in shape that contribute goal‐directed movements. To study these relations, we recorded stimulated vermis hemispheres mice during spontaneous licking from a stationary or moving water spout. We found rhythmic with both spikes. Increased spike firing protrusion induces ipsiversive bending Unexpected target location trigger alter subsequent licks, adjusting trajectory. Furthermore, observed increased behavioural state at start end bouts. Using machine learning, confirmed alterations cell activity accompany licking, different often exerting heterogeneous encoding schemes. Our data highlight directional movement paramount cerebellar function modulation are complementary acquisition execution sensorimotor coordination. These results bring us closer understanding clinical implications disorders swallowing. image Key points When drinking, make directed towards source. fire rhythmically tune position source affects direction report also adjust right direction.

Language: Английский

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The pupillary respiratory‐phase response: pupil size is smallest around inhalation onset and largest during exhalation

The Journal of Physiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 21, 2025

Abstract Respiration shapes brain activity and synchronizes sensory exploratory motor actions, with some evidence suggesting that it also affects pupil size. However, for a coupling between respiration size remains scarce inconclusive, hindered by small sample sizes limited controls. Given the importance of in visual perception as reflection state, understanding its relationship is essential. In five experiments using pre‐registered protocol, we systematically investigated how respiratory phase across different conditions. Experiment 1 ( n = 50), examined nasal oral breathing at rest under dim lighting nearby fixation points, then replicated these results identical conditions 2 53). 3 112) extended this to active tasks, while 4 57) controlled paces ambient distant fixation. Finally, 5 34), individuals isolated congenital anosmia (born without olfactory bulbs) were used lesion‐type model during visual–auditory tasks assess whether respiratory–pupil link depends on bulb‐driven oscillations. Across all – free breathing; distances; bulbs consistently found smallest around inhalation onset largest exhalation. We term effect pupillary respiratory‐phase response, fourth known mechanism influencing size, alongside light, near psychosensory responses. image Key points The influence dynamics has long been debated. study, changes cycle through series experiments, varying lighting, distance region involvement. show exhalation, dilatation occurring most early constriction primarily latter part This pattern was consistent experimental conditions, demonstrating robust likely brainstem circuits.

Language: Английский

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Whisking and locomotion are jointly represented in superior colliculus neurons

PLoS Biology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 23(4), P. e3003087 - e3003087

Published: April 7, 2025

Active sensation requires the brain to interpret external stimuli against an ongoing estimate of body position. While internal estimates position are often ascribed cerebral cortex, we examined midbrain superior colliculus (SC), due its close relationship with sensory periphery as well higher, motor-related regions. Using high-density electrophysiology and movement tracking, discovered that on-going kinematics whisker motion locomotion speed accurately predict firing rate mouse SC neurons. Neural activity was best predicted by movements occurring either in past, present, or future, indicating population continuously a trajectory self-motion. A combined representation slow fast whisking features absolute angle at high temporal resolution. Sensory reafference played least partial role shaping this feature tuning. Taken together, these data indicate contains joint locomotor is potentially useful guiding complex orienting involving face limbs.

Language: Английский

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The cardiac, respiratory and gastric rhythms independently modulate corticospinal excitability

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Sept. 14, 2024

Abstract Interoception refers to the sensing of internal state body and encompasses various bodily axes. Yet many interoceptive signals display unique qualities. The heart, lungs, stomach each have their distinct frequencies, afferent pathways, respective functions. At same time these organs has been demonstrated interact with neural activity behaviour. To what extent then should different be treated as separate modalities in interoception? We here aim answer this question by assessing human participants whether phase visceral rhythms is coupled corticospinal excitability motor system, coupling happens an organ-specific or organ-general manner. combined continuous physiological recordings single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) probe phase-amplitude between cardiac, respiratory, gastric rhythm amplitude Motor Evoked Potentials (MEP). All three contributed MEP similar effect sizes at group level. However, we found no relation strengths organs. Thus, displaying high one organ did not necessarily other organs, suggestive profiles. There was also link self-reported awareness actual coupling, suggesting are dimensions interoception. Together results show that mediated least partially independent mechanisms.

Language: Английский

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A 3D whole-face movement analysis system to uncover underlying physiology in mice

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 8, 2024

Abstract Facial expressions and movements, from a subtle ephemeral grimace, to vigorous rapid chewing, offer direct insights into the moment-to-moment change of neural physiological processes. Mice, with discernible facial responses evolutionarily conserved mammalian movement control circuits, provide an ideal model unravel link between underlying states. However, existing frameworks lack spatial or temporal resolution sensitively track all movements mouse face, due its small conical form factor. We introduce Cheese3D, computer vision system that captures high-speed 3D motion entire face (including ears, eyes, whisker pad, jaw, while covering both sides face) using calibrated six-camera array. The interpretable framework extracts dynamics anatomically-meaningful features in absolute world units at sub-millimeter precision. precise face-wide data generated by Cheese3D provides clear insights, as shown proof-of-principle experiments predicting time under general anesthesia changing patterns, inferring tooth muscle anatomy fast ingestion motions across measuring minute differences evoked brainstem stimulation, relating activity spontaneous including expressive only measurable (e.g., angles ear motion). can serve discovery tool renders highly readout otherwise hidden internal

Language: Английский

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Molecular organization of autonomic, respiratory, and spinally-projecting neurons in the mouse ventrolateral medulla

Journal of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 44(31), P. e2211232024 - e2211232024

Published: June 25, 2024

The ventrolateral medulla (VLM) is a crucial region in the brain for visceral and somatic control, serving as significant source of synaptic input to spinal cord. Experimental studies have shown that gene expression individual VLM neurons predictive their function. However, molecular cellular organization has remained uncertain. This study aimed create comprehensive dataset cells using single-cell RNA sequencing male female mice. was enriched with targeted spinally-projecting adrenergic/noradrenergic neurons. Based on differentially expressed genes, resulting 114,805 identifies 23 subtypes neurons, excluding those inferior olive, five astrocytes. Spinally-projecting were found be abundant seven which validated through situ hybridization. These included serotonergic expressing markers associated premotor ventromedial medulla. Further analysis identified nine six subtypes, respectively, within each class monoaminergic Marker genes identify neural network responsible breathing concentrated two delineated from other by excitatory inhibitory datasets are available public download user-friendly interface. Collectively, this provides fine-scale identification VLM, forming foundation better understanding VLM's role vital functions motor control.

Language: Английский

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Muscle spindles provide flexible sensory feedback for movement sequences

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Sept. 15, 2024

Sensory feedback is essential for motor performance and must adapt to task demands. Muscle spindle afferents (MSAs) are a major primary source of about movement, their responses readily modulated online by gain-controller fusimotor neurons other mechanisms. They therefore powerful site implementing flexible sensorimotor control. We recorded from MSAs innervating the jaw musculature during directed lick sequence task. Jaw encoded complex jaw–tongue kinematics. However, kinematic encoding alone accounted less than half MSA spiking variability. representations kinematics changed based on progression (beginning, middle, or end sequence, reward consumption), suggesting that flexibly tuned across Dynamic control incoming signals may be strategy adaptable behaviors.

Language: Английский

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Do rodents smell with sound?

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 105908 - 105908

Published: Sept. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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California mice (Peromyscus californicus) adjust mouth movements for vocal production during early postnatal development

BMC Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 22(1)

Published: Dec. 24, 2024

The order Rodentia is the largest group of mammals. Diversification vocal communication has contributed to rodent radiation and allowed them occupy diverse habitats adopt different social systems. mechanism by which efficient sounds, carry over surprisingly large distances, are generated incompletely understood. Here we focused on development function rhythmic mouth movements laryngeal sound production. We studied spontaneously vocalizing California mice (Peromyscus californicus) through video recordings. Mouth gape was estimated from images characteristics were measured in synchronized coordinated their with production but differently two call types. In high-frequency whistles ("USV syllables"), present postnatal day 1 reduced within first 2 weeks life. prominently during sustained vocalizations ("SV became more adjusted syllable beginning end. Maximum correlated intensity fundamental frequency SV syllables. effect strongest most predictable when closed temporarily immobilizing mandible an elevated position. This study demonstrates that orofacial behavior not only plays a critical role determining acoustic features also shows remarkable adjustments early development.

Language: Английский

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Molecular organization of autonomic, respiratory, and spinally-projecting neurons in the mouse ventrolateral medulla

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Nov. 17, 2023

Abstract The ventrolateral medulla (VLM) is a crucial region in the brain for visceral and somatic control. It also serves as significant source of synaptic input to spinal cord. Experimental studies have shown that gene expression individual VLM neurons predictive their function. However, organizing principles remained uncertain. This study aimed create comprehensive dataset cells using single-cell RNA sequencing. was enriched with targeted sequencing spinally-projecting adrenergic/noradrenergic neurons. Based on differentially expressed genes, resulting 114,805 identifies 23 subtypes neurons, excluding those inferior olive, 5 astrocytes. Spinally-projecting were found be abundant 7 which validated through in-situ hybridization. These included serotonergic expressing markers associated pre-motor ventromedial medulla. Further analysis identified 9 6 subtypes, respectively, within each class monoaminergic Marker genes identify neural network responsible breathing concentrated 2 delineated from other by excitatory inhibitory datasets are available public download user-friendly interface. Collectively, this provides fine-scale molecular identification VLM, forming foundation better understanding VLM’s role vital functions motor

Language: Английский

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