Cell type diversity in a developing octopus brain

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Nov. 30, 2022

Abstract Octopuses are mollusks that have evolved intricate neural systems comparable with vertebrates in terms of cell number, complexity and size. The brain types control their sophisticated behavioral repertoire still unknown. Here, we profile the diversity paralarval Octopus vulgaris to build a type atlas comprises mostly cells, but also multiple glial subtypes, endothelial cells fibroblasts. We spatially map vertical, subesophageal optic lobes. Investigation conservation reveals shared gene signature between mouse, fly octopus. Genes related learning memory enriched vertical lobe which show molecular similarities Kenyon Drosophila . construct taxonomy revealing transcriptionally types, tend appear same region. Together, our data sheds light on evolution octopus brain.

Language: Английский

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The moulting arthropod: a complete genetic toolkit review

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 99(6), P. 2338 - 2375

Published: July 22, 2024

ABSTRACT Exoskeletons are a defining character of all arthropods that provide physical support for their segmented bodies and appendages as well protection from the environment predation. This ubiquitous yet evolutionarily variable feature has been instrumental in facilitating adoption variety lifestyles exploitation ecological niches across environments. Throughout radiation produced more than one million described modern species, adaptability afforded by segmentation exoskeletons led to diversity is unrivalled amongst animals. However, because limited extensibility exoskeleton chitin cuticle components, they must be periodically shed replaced with new larger ones, notably accommodate growing individuals encased within. Therefore, grow discontinuously undergoing periodic moulting events, which follow series steps preparatory pre‐moult phase ecdysis itself post‐moult maturation exoskeletons. Each event represents particularly vulnerable period an arthropod's life cycle, so processes tightly regulated meticulously executed ensure successful transitions normal growth development. Decades research representative foundation understanding mechanisms involved. Building on this, studies continue develop test hypotheses presence function molecular including neuropeptides, hormones, receptors, so‐called early, late, fate genes, arthropod diversity. Here, we review literature comprehensive overview status accumulated knowledge genetic toolkit governing moulting. From biosynthesis regulation ecdysteroid sesquiterpenoid factors involved hormonal stimulation responses remodelling, identify commonalities differences, highlighting major gaps, groups. We examine available evidence supporting current models how components operate together prepare for, execute, recover ecdysis, comparing reports Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea, Hexapoda. Evidence generally highly taxonomically imbalanced, most based insect study systems. Biases also evident different phases processes, early triggers late effectors being least explored. Our synthesis contrasts reported observations reasonably plausible assumptions given taxonomic sampling, exposes weak or gaps need addressing. Encouragingly, advances genomics driving diversification tractable systems cataloguing putative toolkits previously under‐explored taxa. Analysis genome transcriptome data supported experimental investigations have validated “ultra‐conserved” core genes processes. The machinery likely evolved elaborations this conserved pathway backbone, but exploration needed characterise lineage‐specific changes novelties. Furthermore, linking these transformative innovations Arthropoda remains hampered untested assumptions. Promisingly however, emerging framework highlights avenues underlying genetics dynamic biology through complex physiology

Language: Английский

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Nemertean, Brachiopod, and Phoronid Neuropeptidomics Reveals Ancestral Spiralian Signaling Systems

Molecular Biology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 38(11), P. 4847 - 4866

Published: July 16, 2021

Neuropeptides are diverse signaling molecules in animals commonly acting through G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). and their underwent extensive diversification bilaterians the relationships of many peptide-receptor systems have been clarified. However, we lack a detailed picture neuropeptide evolution lophotrochozoans as in-depth studies only exist for mollusks annelids. Here, analyze peptidergic Nemertea, Brachiopoda, Phoronida. We screened transcriptomes from 13 nemertean, 6 brachiopod, 4 phoronid species proneuropeptides GPCRs. With mass spectrometry nemertean Lineus longissimus, validated several predicted peptides identified novel ones. Molecular phylogeny combined with peptide-sequence gene-structure comparisons allowed us to comprehensively map spiralian evolution. found most mollusk annelid also nemerteans, brachiopods, phoronids. uncovered previously hidden including orthologies CCWamides arthropod agatoxin-like APGWamides RGWamides annelids, ortholog that pleurin neuropeptides present nemerteans brachiopods. cases gene family duplications losses. These include protostome-specific expansion RFamide/Wamide signaling, GnRH-related peptides, vasopressin/oxytocin before divergence phoronids, nemerteans. This analysis expands our knowledge spiralians other protostomes. Our annotated data set nearly 1,300 proneuropeptide sequences 600 GPCRs presents useful resource further signaling.

Language: Английский

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Storage cell proliferation during somatic growth establishes that tardigrades are not eutelic organisms

Biology Open, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(2)

Published: Feb. 15, 2024

ABSTRACT Tardigrades, microscopic ecdysozoans known for extreme environment resilience, were traditionally believed to maintain a constant cell number after completing embryonic development, phenomenon termed eutely. However, sporadic reports of dividing cells have raised questions about this assumption. In study, we explored tardigrade post-embryonic proliferation using the model species Hypsibius exemplaris. Comparing hatchlings adults, observed an increase in storage cells, responsible nutrient storage. We monitored via 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation, revealing large numbers EdU+ during growth, which starvation halted. EdU incorporation associated with molting, vital development process involving cuticle renewal further growth. Notably, DNA replication inhibition strongly reduced and caused molting-related fatalities. Our study is first demonstrate molecular approaches that actively proliferate providing comprehensive insight into events throughout their somatic Additionally, our data underscore significance proper molting survival. This work definitely establishes tardigrades are not eutelic, offers insights cycle regulation, stress, damage management these remarkable creatures as genetic manipulation techniques emerge within field.

Language: Английский

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Comparative Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals Novel Genes Involved in Bivalve Embryonic Shell Formation and Questions Ontogenetic Homology of Molluscan Shell Types

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: June 9, 2022

Mollusks are known for their highly diverse repertoire of body plans that often includes external armor in form mineralized hardparts. Representatives the Conchifera, one two major lineages comprises taxa which originated from a uni-shelled ancestor (Monoplacophora, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda, Scaphopoda, Bivalvia), particularly relevant regarding evolution mollusk shells. Previous studies have found shell matrix adult (teleoconch) is rapidly evolving and gene set involved formation taxon-specific. However, detailed annotation genes expressed tissues embryonic (protoconch I) or larval II) currently lacking. Here, we analyzed genetic toolbox quagga mussel Dreissena rostriformis using single cell RNA sequencing. We significant differences during secretion, calling into question ontogenetic homology these transitory bivalve types. Further ortholog comparisons throughout Metazoa indicates common biomineralization toolbox, was secondarily co-opted molluscan formation, already present last metazoan ancestor. Genes included engrailed , carbonic anhydrase tyrosinase homologs. 25% field D. lack an match with any other metazoan. This not only but also shells may be fast-evolving structures. raise as to what degree, on taxonomic level, complement conchiferan protoconch lineage-specific conserved across taxa.

Language: Английский

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Nervous System Development and Neuropeptides Characterization in Embryo and Larva: Insights from a Non-Chordate Deuterostome, the Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

Biology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(10), P. 1538 - 1538

Published: Oct. 20, 2022

Here, we described the complex nervous system at five early developmental stages (blastula, gastrula, auricularia, doliolaria and pentactula) of a holothurian species with highly economic value, Apostichopus japonicus. The results revealed that embryos larvae is mainly distributed in anterior apical region, ciliary bands or rings, feeding attachment organs, serotonergic immunoreactivity was not observed until embryo developed into late gastrula; these are evolutionarily conserved features echinoderm, hemichordate protostome larvae. Furthermore, based on available transcriptome data, reported neuropeptide precursors profile different embryonic larval stages. This analysis showed 40 present adult sea cucumbers were also identified larvae, only four (SWYG precursor 2, GYWKDLDNYVKAHKT precursor, Neuropeptide 14-like GLRFAmprecursor-like precursor) predicted adults absent Combining quantitative expression ten specific genes (NPs) by qRT-PCR, potential important roles neuropeptides development, A. japonicus In conclusion, this work provides novel perspectives diverse physiological functions contributes to understanding evolution neuropeptidergic systems echinoderm

Language: Английский

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The moulting arthropod: a complete genetic toolkit review

Published: Jan. 13, 2024

Exoskeletons are a defining character of all arthropods that provide physical support for their segmented bodies and appendages as well protection from the environment predation. This ubiquitous yet evolutionarily variable feature has been instrumental in facilitating adoption variety lifestyles exploitation ecological niches across environments. Throughout radiation Arthropoda produced more than one million described modern species, adaptability afforded by segmentation exoskeletons led to diversity is unrivalled amongst animals. However, because cannot grow, they must be periodically shed replaced with new larger ones accommodate growing individuals encased within. Arthropods therefore undergo periodic moulting events, which follow series steps preparatory pre-moult phase ecdysis itself post-moult maturation exoskeleton. Each event represents particularly vulnerable period an arthropod’s life cycle, so process tightly regulated meticulously executed ensure successful transitions normal growth development. Decades research representative foundation understanding mechanisms involved. Building on this, studies continue develop test hypotheses presence function molecular components, including neuropeptides, hormones, receptors, so-called early, late, fate genes, arthropod diversity. Here, we review literature comprehensive overview current status accumulated knowledge genetic toolkit governing moulting. From biosynthesis regulation ecdysteroid sesquiterpenoid factors involved hormonal stimulation responses exoskeleton remodelling, identify commonalities differences, highlighting major gaps, groups. We examine available evidence supporting models how components operate together prepare for, execute, recover ecdysis, comparing reports Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea, Hexapoda. Evidence generally highly taxonomically imbalanced, most based insect study systems. Biases also evident different phases processes, early triggers late effectors being least explored. Our synthesis contrasts reported observations reasonably plausible assumptions given taxonomic sampling, exposes weak or gaps need addressing. Encouragingly, advances genomics driving diversification tractable systems cataloguing putative toolkits previously under-explored taxa. Analysis genome transcriptome data supported experimental investigations have validated “ultra-conserved” core genes. The machinery likely evolved elaborations this conserved pathway backbone, but exploration needed characterise lineage-specific changes novelties. Furthermore, linking these transformative innovations processes remains hampered untested assumptions. Promisingly however, emerging framework highlights avenues underlying genetics dynamic biology through complex physiology

Language: Английский

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Ecdysteroid-dependent molting in tardigrades

Current Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Nov. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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Ecdysis Triggering Hormone, Eclosion Hormone, and Crustacean Cardioactive Peptide Play Essential but Different Roles in the Molting Process of Mud Crab, Scylla paramamosain

Frontiers in Marine Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Feb. 28, 2022

Molting behavior in insects is controlled by the ecdysis triggering hormone (ETH), eclosion (EH) and crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP). At present, regulation of molting crustaceans remains unclear. Here, we studied roles ETH , EH CCAP molt crab, Scylla paramamosain from their expression pattern vivo assays. The results showed that transcripts were mainly localized thoracic ganglia fluctuated periodically with cycle. When or was knockdown at early premolt stage (D0), crabs interrupted all animals died late (D2). While gene knock-down, most dead before D2. Injection synthetic for rescued - -gene knock-down separately. However, none peptides could rescue dsEH -injected crabs. D0 stage, down-regulated transcriptions ; while up-regulated when knockdown. D2 levels reduced injection but increased same dose dsETH as stage. Co-injection ds Results play essential different mud crab. In summary, result this study contributes to discovery molecular mechanisms between Insecta Crustacea may provide insight develop fishery drugs helps aquacultured successfully.

Language: Английский

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The tyranny of phylogeny—A plea for a less dogmatic stance on two‐species comparisons

BioEssays, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 43(8)

Published: June 21, 2021

Abstract Phylogenetically controlled studies across multiple species correct for taxonomic confounds in physiological performance traits. Therefore, they are preferred over comparisons of two or few closely‐related species. Funding bodies, referees and journal editors nowadays often even reject to consider detailed closely related Here, we plea a less dogmatic stance on such comparisons, because phylogenetic come with their own limitations similar magnitude as those two‐species comparisons. Two‐species particularly relevant instructive understanding pathways de novo mutations three contexts: purely mechanistic context, when differences the regulation trait focus investigation, lacks direct connection fitness, measures cannot easily be standardized among laboratories. In conclusion, comparative have different strengths weaknesses combining these complementary approaches will help integrating biology.

Language: Английский

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