Information
sampling
about
others’
trustworthiness
prior
to
cooperation
allows
humans
minimize
the
risk
of
exploitation.
Here,
we
examined
whether
early
adolescence
or
preadolescence,
a
stage
defined
as
in
between
childhood
and
adolescence,
is
significant
developmental
period
for
strategic
social
decisions.
We
also
sought
characterize
differences
autistic
children
their
typically
developing
(TD)
peers.
TD(N=48)
autistic(N=56)
8-
12-year-olds
played
an
online
information
trust
game.
While
both
groups
adapted
various
levels
trustees,
differed
how
age
skills
modulated
task
behavior.
In
TD
group
were
stronger
overall
predictor
group,
was
interacted
with
skills.
Computational
modeling
revealed
that
used
same
heuristic
strategy
–
albeit
older
more
efficient
reflected
by
decreasing
decision
noise
age.
Autistic
had
lower
beliefs
trustee’s
compared
children.
These
priors
indicate
believed
trustees
be
less
trustworthy.
Lower
scaled
across
groups.
Notably,
did
not
differ
uncertainty,
meaning
equally
strong.
Taken
together,
found
development
nuanced
Our
study
highlights
importance
deep
phenotyping
including
clinical
measures,
behavioral
experiments
computational
modeling.
International Journal of Adolescence and Youth,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
30(1)
Published: Jan. 17, 2025
Bullying
is
a
global
issue
affecting
students,
with
significant
consequences.
This
study
examined
the
impact
of
school-based
bullying
education
programme
on
student
knowledge
bullying,
behaviour,
and
self-esteem
among
Jordanian
school
students.
Using
an
uncontrolled
pre-post
design,
210
students
from
grades
7
8
in
two
public
schools
participated
four-week
intervention
programme.
Results
showed
improvements
students'
about
decreased
victimization
rates.
The
programme's
effectiveness
varied
based
factors
like
GPA
grade
level.
While
overall
behaviours
did
not
significantly
change,
there
was
notable
interaction
effect
medical
status.
These
findings
highlight
potential
such
interventions
emphasize
need
for
tailored
approaches
considering
various
characteristics.
Functional Ecology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: July 14, 2024
Abstract
Sensitive
periods,
in
which
experiences
have
a
large
impact
on
phenotypic
development,
are
most
common
early
ontogeny.
Yet,
they
may
also
occur
at
later
ontogenetic
stages,
such
as
adolescence.
At
present,
however,
we
know
little
about
why
natural
selection
favours
sensitive
periods
for
some
traits
ontogeny
and
others
This
article
synthesizes
recent
mathematical
models
empirical
studies
that
explore
beyond
Across
models,
observe
two
general
patterns.
First,
emerge
when
an
organism's
uncertainty
the
environment‐phenotype
fit
increases
developmental
stages.
Second,
cues
stages
reduce
this
more
than
earlier
do.
In
literature,
showing
tend
to
be
social
traits,
particularly
among
mammals.
Connecting
theory
data,
hypothesize
mammals
evolved
expect
reliable
information
from
peers
adolescence
current
future
environment
(e.g.
dominance,
mate
value).
Finally,
highlight
gaps
our
understanding
suggest
directions
strengthening
bridges
between
theoretical
of
periods.
Ultimately,
hope
synthesis
will
contribute
towards
integrative
science
across
biological
sciences.
Read
free
Plain
Language
Summary
Journal
blog.
Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
23(3), P. 718 - 738
Published: May 26, 2023
Abstract
Many
of
our
decisions
take
place
under
uncertainty.
To
successfully
navigate
the
environment,
individuals
need
to
estimate
degree
uncertainty
and
adapt
their
behaviors
accordingly
by
learning
from
experiences.
However,
is
a
broad
construct
distinct
types
may
differentially
influence
learning.
We
provide
semi-systematic
review
illustrate
cognitive
neurobiological
processes
involved
in
two
uncertainty:
environments
with
stochastic
outcomes,
volatile
outcomes.
specifically
reviewed
studies
(
N
=
26
studies)
that
included
an
adolescent
population,
because
adolescence
period
life
characterized
heightened
exploration
learning,
as
well
due
experiencing
many
new,
often
social,
environments.
Until
now,
reviews
have
not
comprehensively
compared
uncertainties
this
age
range.
Our
main
findings
show
although
overall
developmental
patterns
were
mixed,
most
indicate
indicated
increased
accuracy
performance,
improved
age.
also
found
adolescents
tended
advantage
adults
children
when
discuss
potential
mechanisms
explaining
these
age-related
differences
conclude
outlining
future
research
directions.
npj Science of Learning,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
10(1)
Published: May 12, 2025
Abstract
Learning
behavioural
responses
and
adapting
them
based
on
feedback
is
crucial
from
a
young
age,
continuing
to
develop
into
adulthood.
This
study
examines
the
development
trajectory
contributing
factors
childhood
adulthood
using
reversal
learning
paradigm.
We
tested
202
participants
aged
10
22
in
an
online
study,
where
they
learned
reversed
stimulus-outcome
associations
new
blocked
design
paradigm
were
assessed
for
working
memory
capacity.
Results
showed
that
performance
improved
with
particularly
10-
14-year-olds.
Flexible
negative
correlated
better
learning.
Additionally,
pubertal
positively
associated
These
findings
align
previous
research,
highlighting
flexible
as
key
factor
As
overall
rate
of
reactions
did
not
change
it
could
support
independent
potentially
changing
its
role
during
development.
Computational
neuroscience
offers
an
excellent
opportunity
to
understand
the
neural
underpinnings
of
behavior.
However,
interpretation
individual,
for
example
developmental,
differences
in
these
is
less
straightforward.
We
illustrate
this
studies
examining
individual
reinforcement
learning.
In
studies,
a
computational
model
yields
individual-specific
prediction
error
regressor
activity
brain
region
interest.
Individual
resulting
regression
weight
are
typically
interpreted
as
coding.
first
demonstrate
that,
already
captured
regressor,
absence
coding
not
concerning.
then
review
that
presence
use
resources.
we
simulations
they
may
also
have
originated
in:
standardization
error,
networks
outside
interest,
duration
response,
outcome
valuation,
and
neglected
parameters
or
type
model.
To
disambiguate
interpretations,
provide
several
recommendations.
manner
hope
advance
neuroscience.
Psychology and Law,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
14(1), P. 72 - 88
Published: April 4, 2024
<p
style="text-align:
justify;">This
study
aims
to
clarify
the
concept
of
“vulnerable
childhood”
within
context
child
well-being.
In
modern
society,
children
are
exposed
various
risks
that
can
negatively
impact
their
physical,
emotional,
and
social
development.
The
article
explores
diverse
aspects
children’s
vulnerability,
such
as
socio-economic
inequalities,
violations
rights,
adverse
family
conditions,
traumatic
events.
authors
employ
an
interdisciplinary
approach
encompasses
analysis
sociological,
psychological,
economic,
legal
aspects.
provides
overview
existing
research
emphasizes
importance
understanding
factors
contributing
towards
well
consequences
it
may
have
on
future
Focusing
governmental
other
programs
aimed
at
enhancing
well-being,
offer
recommendations
ensure
protection
vulnerable
children.
These
include
implementation
inclusive
educational
programs,
strengthening
support
system,
refining
legislation
concerning
creating
effective
mechanisms
for
responding
crisis
situations.
offers
influence
a
presents
specific
steps
ensuring
risk.</p>
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
58, P. 101176 - 101176
Published: Nov. 17, 2022
In
humans,
puberty
initiates
a
period
of
rapid
growth,
change,
and
formative
neurobehavioral
development.
Brain
behavior
changes
during
this
maturational
window
contribute
to
opportunities
for
social
learning.
Here
we
provide
new
insights
into
adolescence
as
unique
learning
development
by
describing
field
studies
our
closest
living
relatives,
chimpanzees.
Like
chimpanzees
have
multiyear
juvenile
life
stage
between
weaning
onset
followed
adolescent
after
pubertal
but
prior
socially-recognized
adulthood.
As
they
develop
increasing
autonomy
from
caregivers,
explore
many
different
types
relationships
with
wide
range
individuals
in
highly
flexible
environment.
We
describe
how
motivations
experiences
differ
those
juveniles
adults
expose
adolescents
high
levels
uncertainty,
risk,
vulnerability,
well
adaptive
discuss
these
may
be
shaped
early
turn
shape
varied
adult
outcomes.
outline
future
chimpanzee
research
can
ways
more
integrative
interdisciplinary
understanding
developmental
resilience.
Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences),
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
53(2), P. 254 - 260
Published: April 1, 2024
Attention
deficit
and
hyperactive
disorder
(ADHD)
is
a
chronic
neurodevelopmental
characterized
by
inattention,
hyperactivity-impulsivity,
working
memory
deficits.
Social
dysfunction
one
of
the
major
challenges
faced
children
with
ADHD.
It
has
been
found
that
ADHD
can't
perform
as
well
typically
developing
on
facial
expression
recognition
(FER)
tasks.
Generally,
have
some
difficulties
in
FER,
while
studies
suggest
they
no
significant
differences
accuracy
specific
emotion
compared
children.
The
neuropsychological
mechanisms
underlying
these
are
follows.
First,
neuroanatomically.
Compared
to
children,
show
smaller
gray
matter
volume
surface
area
amygdala
medial
prefrontal
cortex
regions,
reduced
density
axons/cells
certain
frontal
white
fiber
tracts.
Second,
neurophysiologically.
Children
exhibit
increased
slow-wave
activity
their
electroencephalogram,
event-related
potential
reveal
abnormalities
emotional
regulation
responses
angry
faces
when
facing
stimuli.
Third,
psychologically.
Psychosocial
stressors
may
influence
FER
abilities
ADHD,
sleep
deprivation
significantly
increase
threshold
for
negative
expressions
such
sadness
anger.
This
article
reviews
research
progress
over
past
three
years
analyzing
from
dimensions:
neuroanatomy,
neurophysiology
psychology,
aiming
provide
new
perspectives
further
clinical
treatment
