Lower-Risk Cannabis Use Guidelines (LRCUG) for reducing health harms from non-medical cannabis use: A comprehensive evidence and recommendations update

International Journal of Drug Policy, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 99, P. 103381 - 103381

Published: Aug. 28, 2021

Cannabis use is common, especially among young people, and associated with risks for various health harms. Some jurisdictions have recently moved to legalization/regulation pursuing public goals. Evidence-based 'Lower Risk Use Guidelines' (LRCUG) recommendations were previously developed reduce modifiable risk factors of cannabis-related adverse outcomes; related evidence has evolved substantially since. We aimed review new scientific develop comprehensively up-to-date LRCUG, including their recommendations, on this basis. Targeted searches literature (since 2016) main outcomes by the user-individual conducted. Topical areas informed previous LRCUG content expanded upon current evidence. Searches preferentially focused systematic reviews, supplemented key individual studies. The results evidence-graded, topically organized narratively summarized; through an iterative expert consensus development process. A substantial body cannabis use-related harms identified varying quality. Twelve substantive recommendation clusters three precautionary statements developed. In general, suggests that individuals can if they delay onset until after adolescence, avoid high-potency (THC) products high-frequency/-intensity use, refrain from smoking-routes administration. While people are particularly vulnerable harms, other sub-groups (e.g., pregnant women, drivers, older adults, those co-morbidities) advised exercise particular caution risks. Legal/regulated should be used where possible. result in outcomes, mostly higher-risk use. Reducing help offer one targeted intervention component within a comprehensive approach They require effective audience-tailoring dissemination, regular updating as become available, evaluated impact.

Language: Английский

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Identifying risk-thresholds for the association between frequency of cannabis use and development of cannabis use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 238, P. 109582 - 109582

Published: July 21, 2022

Language: Английский

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Risk-thresholds for the association between frequency of cannabis use and the development of psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Psychological Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 53(9), P. 3858 - 3868

Published: March 24, 2022

Abstract Background Epidemiological studies show a dose–response association between cannabis use and the risk of psychosis. This review aimed to determine whether there are identifiable risk-thresholds frequency psychosis development. Methods Systematic search Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web Science for relevant (1 January 2010–26 April 2021). Case–control or cohort that investigated relationship development reported effect estimates [odds ratios (OR), hazard (HR), (RR)] raw data calculate them, with information on consumption were included. Effect extracted from individual converted RR. Two-stage multivariable meta-analytic models utilized sensitivity analyses conducted. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale was used assess bias included studies. Results Ten original (three cohorts, seven case–control) included, including 7390 participants an age range 12–65 years. Random-effect model meta-analyses showed significant log-linear A restricted cubic-splines provided best fit data, significantly increasing weekly more frequent [RR = 1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93–1.11 yearly; RR 1.10, CI 0.97–1.25 monthly; 1.35, 1.19–1.52 weekly; 1.76, 1.47–2.12 daily] Conclusion Individuals using frequently at increased psychosis, no associated less use. Public health prevention messages should convey these risk-thresholds, which be refined through further work.

Language: Английский

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How have cannabis use and related indicators changed since legalization of cannabis for non-medical purposes? Results of the Canadian Cannabis Survey 2018–2022

International Journal of Drug Policy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 127, P. 104385 - 104385

Published: March 22, 2024

Cannabis use for non-medical purposes was legalized and regulated in Canada through the Act October 2018. This paper examined trends of cannabis related indicators from pre- to post-legalization (2018–2022). Data 5 years Canadian Survey, an annual web-based survey administered Canadians 16 age or older, were used analysis (n2018=12,952; n2019=11,922; n2020=10,821; n2021=10,733; n2022=10,048). measures include questions about use, types products, sources, risk perceptions beliefs, exposure public education campaigns health warnings. Adjusted logistic regression models tested differences outcomes over time. Past 12-month consumption increased among 22 % 2018 27 2022 (AOR=1.41;99 CI:1.28–1.54). Similarly, daily/almost daily (DAD) 7 (AOR=1.36;99 CI:1.16–1.59). Consumption dried flower, hash/kief, concentrates/extracts (e.g., wax, shatter, budder) decreased since 2018, whereas edibles, beverages vape pens/cartridges (p < 0.001). Legal purchasing 4 69 2022, while accessing social illegal sources time More are reporting legalization regulation purposes, continuing a pre-existing trend despite increase awareness risks consuming cannabis. Trends product indicate transition flower towards foods, drinks pens/cartridges. The legal market is increasingly displacing illicit Canada.

Language: Английский

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Acute and Extended Anxiolytic Effects of Cannabidiol in Cannabis Flower: A Quasi-Experimental ad libitum Use Study

Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 9(4), P. 1015 - 1027

Published: Jan. 22, 2024

Objective: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) have varying pharmacological actions with differential effects on acute extended affective states, incuding anxiety. We aimed to study these anxiety in legal market forms of cannabis. Method: This makes use a nonequivalent control group quasiexperimental design. Forty-two participants symptions who were not using cannabis compared 258 symptoms used flower (∼3–4 times per week). Participants randomly assigned one three conditions; THC-dominant (24% THC, <1% CBD), THC+CBD (12% 12% or CBD-dominant (<1% 24% CBD). Changes over 4-weeks measured by the Patient Global Impression Change (PGIC) scale Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS). Acute changes subjective mood immediately after Profile Mood States (POMS) Elation, Tension, Paranoia subscales Addiction Research Center Inventory intoxication scale. Results: While all reported reductions 4-week PGIC (F=30.65, p<0.001) DASS measures (F=115.88, p<0.001), ad libitum was associated lower scores subscale when accounting for frequency (difference=−1.03, SE=0.45, p=0.02). Similarly, POMS tension paranoia (POMS tension: vs. THC-dominant: difference=−0.41 SE=0.1, p<0.001; THC+CBD: difference=−0.28, SE=0.07, p=0.04; paranoia: difference=−0.49, difference=−0.33, SE=0.09, p=0.01). conditions experienced positive drug effects. Conclusions: provides novel information impacts ratios THC CBD indviduals symptoms. Findings suggest that did increase reduction may translate longer-term Clinical Trial Registration: NCT03491384.

Language: Английский

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Biphasic effects of cannabis and cannabinoid therapy on pain severity, anxiety, and sleep disturbance: a scoping review

Pain Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(6), P. 387 - 399

Published: Jan. 24, 2024

Abstract Introduction Cannabinoids are being used by patients to help with chronic pain management and address the 2 primary comorbidities of anxiety sleep disturbance. It is necessary understand biphasic effects cannabinoids improve treatment this symptom triad. Methods A scoping review was conducted identify whether on severity, anxiolysis, disturbance have been reported. The search included Embase, Biosis, Medline databases clinical literature published between 1970 2021. inclusion criteria were (1) adults more than 18 years age, (2) data or discussion dose associated U-shaped linear responses, (3) measurements and/or Data extracted independent reviewers (with a third reviewer as tiebreaker) subjected thematic analysis. Results After database study eligibility assessment, 44 publications met final for review. Eighteen that specifically provided information response in synthesis: 9 related outcomes, 7 measuring anxiety, reporting effects. Conclusions This reports pain, sleep, anxiety. Dose–response relationships present, but we found gaps current regard humans. There lack prospective research humans exploring specific relationship.

Language: Английский

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A Scoping Review of Risk and Protective Factors for Negative Cannabis Use Consequences

Substance Abuse Research and Treatment, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 17

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Numerous reviews have examined risk and protective factors for alcohol-related negative consequences, but no equivalent review of exists cannabis-related consequences (CRNCs)-a gap filled by the present study. This scoping survey-based research CRNCs such as neglecting responsibilities, blacking out, or needing more cannabis.Three databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Google Scholar) were searched peer-reviewed manuscripts published between January 1, 1990, December 31, 2021. A qualitative synthesis was performed using matrix method results organized socioecological model a framework.Eighty-three studies included in review. There considerable variation measures operationalizations across studies. Risk identified intrapersonal (depression, social anxiety, PTSD, impulsivity, sensation seeking, motives, expectancies), interpersonal/community (trauma, victimization, family peer substance use, norms), social/policy (education, employment, community attachment, legalization, availability substances) domains influence. Protective behavioral strategies robust factor CRNCs. Males consistently reported than females, there differences observed race.Future should identify person- product-specific patterns to refine theoretical models cannabis misuse addiction. Public health interventions reduce from consider utilizing multilevel attenuate cumulative combination psychological, contextual, influences.

Language: Английский

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A Systematic Review of Cannabis and Anxiety: Chicken or Egg?

Current Addiction Reports, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: April 11, 2025

Language: Английский

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Typical Hits, Grams, or Joints: Evaluating Cannabis Survey Measurement Strategies for Quantifying Consumption

Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 9(2), P. 646 - 658

Published: Dec. 28, 2022

Standardized survey measures that capture diverse cannabis consumption patterns are needed to inform public health and policy. Our team is developing a flexible, personalized, low-burden item inventory measure use estimate milligrams of THC (mgTHC) in large samples. This study aimed identify measurement gaps analysis implications associated with an initial pool candidate items assessed flower concentrate products (smoked and/or vaporized).

Language: Английский

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Long-Term Outcomes of Adolescent THC Exposure on Translational Cognitive Measures in Adulthood in an Animal Model and Computational Assessment of Human Data

JAMA Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 80(1), P. 66 - 66

Published: Nov. 23, 2022

Although perceived as relatively harmless and nonaddictive, adolescent cannabis use significantly increases the likelihood of developing disorder in adulthood, especially for high-potency cannabis. Risky decision-making is associated with chronic use, but given confounds human studies, it remains unclear whether exposure Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) potency specifically predicts risky or influences cognitive response to drug later life.To leverage a data set users rat model evaluate long-term outcomes THC on adult impulse control.This translational study tested link between adulthood decision-making. A reanalysis previously published dataset was conducted phenotypes. Computational modeling assessed animal results single framework. Data were collected from 2017 2020 analyzed 2022.Decision-making measured by Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) Rat (rGT). Impulse control model. used determine reward punishment learning rates strategy THC-exposed rats. Cell-specific molecular measures prefrontal cortex amygdala.Of 37 participants, 24 (65%) male, mean (SD) age 33.0 (8.3) years. Chronic (n = 22; [SE] IGT score, -5.182 [1.262]) showed disadvantageous compared controls 15; 7.133 [2.687]; Cohen d 1.436). choice increased (mean score: user, 0.170 [0.018]; control, 0.046 [0.008]; 1.895) favoring exploration vs gains 0.088 [0.012]; 0.020 [0.002]; 2.218). Rats exposed high-dose not low-dose during adolescence also rGT vehicle, 46.17 [7.02]; THC, 69.45 [6.01]; 21.97 [11.98]; 0.433) elevated 0.17 [0.01]; 0.10 0.24 [0.06]; 1.541) task acquisition. These animals uniquely susceptible impairments after reexposure which correlated even greater (r -0.525; P < .001) shift 0.502; .001), similar seen users. Molecular studies revealed that dose differentially affected cannabinoid-1 receptor messenger RNA expression prelimbic basolateral amygdala layer- cell-specific manner. Further, astrocyte glial fibrillary acidic protein deficits apparent reexposure.In this study, vulnerability re-exposure. suggest astrocytes cognition altogether provides important insights regarding neurobiological genesis may help promote prevention treatment efforts.

Language: Английский

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