SARS-CoV-2 viral load and shedding kinetics

Nature Reviews Microbiology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Dec. 2, 2022

Language: Английский

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Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Implications on Immune Escape, Vaccination, Therapeutic and Diagnostic Strategies

Viruses, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(4), P. 944 - 944

Published: April 10, 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a lower fatality rate than its SARS and MERS counterparts. However, the rapid evolution of has given rise to multiple variants varying pathogenicity transmissibility, such as Delta Omicron variants. Individuals advanced age or underlying comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes cardiovascular diseases, are at higher risk increased disease severity. Hence, this resulted in an urgent need for development better therapeutic preventive approaches. This review describes origin human coronaviruses, particularly well sub-variants. Risk factors that contribute severity implications co-infections also considered. In addition, various antiviral strategies against COVID-19, novel repurposed drugs targeting viral host proteins, immunotherapeutic strategies, discussed. We critically evaluate current emerging vaccines their efficacy, immune evasion new impact on diagnostic testing examined. Collectively, global research public health authorities, along all sectors society, prepare upcoming future coronavirus outbreaks.

Language: Английский

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Severity of the Omicron SARS‐CoV‐2 variant compared with the previous lineages: A systematic review

Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 27(11), P. 1443 - 1464

Published: May 18, 2023

The Omicron variant was first detected in October 2021, which evolved from the original SARS-CoV-2 strain and found to possess many mutations. Immune evasion one of notable consequences these Despite exhibiting increased transmissibility, rates hospitalizations deaths among patients infected with this were substantially lower when compared other strains. However, concluding that is less severe than variants requires consideration multiple factors, including vaccination status as well any previous infections variants. This review compiled data about reported indicators severity Omicron-infected patients, studies comparing while adjusting for confounders. A comprehensive search conducted using different databases target Omicron. In total, 62 met our inclusion criteria included study. Many a significantly reduced risk hospitalization, ICU admission, need oxygenation/ventilation, death variants, such Delta. Some studies, however, comparable emphasizing substantial illness. Furthermore, COVID-19 vaccines effective against relative lineages, except after receiving booster dose. One study recommended during pregnancy, may help prevent future cases pneumonia neonates young infants due transfer humoral response mother.

Language: Английский

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Severity and outcomes of Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 compared to Delta variant and severity of Omicron sublineages: a systematic review and metanalysis

BMJ Global Health, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8(7), P. e012328 - e012328

Published: July 1, 2023

Objectives To compare severity and clinical outcomes from Omicron as compared with the Delta variant to between sublineages. Methods We searched WHO COVID-19 Research database for studies that patients variant, separately sublineages BA.1 BA.2. A random-effects meta-analysis was used pool estimates of relative risk (RR) variants Heterogeneity assessed using I 2 index. Risk bias tool developed by Clinical Advances through Information Translation team. Results Our search identified 1494 42 met inclusion criteria. Eleven were published preprints. Of studies, 29 adjusted vaccination status; 12 had no adjustment; 1, adjustment unclear. Three included versus As Delta, individuals infected 61% lower death (RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.33 0.46) 56% hospitalisation 0.44, 0.34 0.56). similarly associated intensive care unit (ICU) admission, oxygen therapy, non-invasive invasive ventilation. The pooled ratio outcome when comparing BA.2 0.55 (95% 0.23 1.30). Discussion hospitalisation, ICU ventilation Delta. There difference in PROSPERO registration number CRD42022310880.

Language: Английский

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Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in primary human nasal cultures demonstrates Delta as most cytopathic and Omicron as fastest replicating

mBio, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(4)

Published: March 13, 2024

ABSTRACT The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was marked with emerging viral variants, some of which were designated as variants concern (VOCs) due to selection and rapid circulation in the human population. Here, we elucidate functional features each VOC linked variations replication rate. Patient-derived primary nasal cultures grown at air-liquid interface used model upper respiratory infection compared cell lines derived from lung epithelia. All VOCs replicated higher titers than ancestral virus, suggesting a for efficiency. In cultures, Omicron highest early time points, followed by Delta, paralleling comparative studies population sampling. viruses entered primarily via transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2)-dependent pathway, more likely use an endosomal route entry. activated overcame dsRNA-induced cellular responses, including interferon (IFN) signaling, oligoadenylate ribonuclease L degradation, protein kinase R activation. Among VOCs, induced expression most IFN IFN-stimulated genes. Infections resulted damage, compromise barrier integrity loss cilia ciliary beating function, especially during Delta infection. Overall, optimized tract least favorable lower line, cytopathic both cells. Our findings highlight differences among level imply distinct mechanisms pathogenesis infected individuals. IMPORTANCE Comparative analysis infections virus concern, Alpha, Beta, Omicron, indicated that selected efficiency replication. patient-derived infection, reached finding confirmed parallel sampling studies. While all dsRNA-mediated host strongest interferon-stimulated gene response. damaging cells syncytia formation, integrity, function.

Language: Английский

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Convalescent plasma with a high level of virus-specific antibody effectively neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern

Blood Advances, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 6(12), P. 3678 - 3683

Published: April 20, 2022

The ongoing evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants severely limits available effective monoclonal antibody therapies. Effective drugs are also supply limited. COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) qualified for high levels effectively reduces immunocompetent outpatient hospitalization. Food and Drug Administration currently allows CCP the immunosuppressed. Viral-specific in can range 10- to 100-fold between donors, unlike uniform viral-specific dosing. Limited data on efficacy polyclonal neutralize variants. We examined 108 pre-δ/pre-ο donor units obtained before March 2021, 20 post-δ COVID-19/postvaccination units, 1 hyperimmunoglobulin preparation variant-specific virus (vaccine-related isolate [WA-1], δ, ο) neutralization correlated Euroimmun S1 immunoglobulin G levels. observed a two- fourfold 20- 40-fold drop from SARS-CoV-2 WA-1 δ or ο, respectively. upper 10% donations as well 100% neutralized all 3 High-titer neutralizes despite no previous exposure

Language: Английский

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Seroprevalence and infection fatality rate of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Denmark: A nationwide serosurveillance study

The Lancet Regional Health - Europe, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 21, P. 100479 - 100479

Published: Aug. 5, 2022

Introduction of the Omicron variant caused a steep rise in SARS-CoV-2 infections despite high vaccination coverage Danish population. We used blood donor serosurveillance to estimate percentage recently infected residents similarly aged background population with no known comorbidity.To detect antibodies induced due recent infection, and not vaccination, we assessed anti-nucleocapsid (anti-N) immunoglobulin G (IgG) samples. Individual level data on RT-PCR results status were available. Anti-N IgG was measured fortnightly from January 18 April 3, 2022. Samples November 2021 analysed assess seroprevalence before introduction Denmark.A total 43 088 donations 35 309 donors 17-72 years screened. In 2021, 1·2% (103/8 701) had detectable anti-N antibodies. Adjusting for test sensitivity (estimates ranging 74%-81%) seroprevalence, that 66% (95% confidence intervals (CI): 63%-70%) healthy, been between 1, March 15, One third captured by testing. The infection fatality rate (IFR) 6·2 (CI: 5·1-7·5) per 100 000 infections.Screening linkage national registers allowed us accurately assay vaccinated or previously individuals during outbreak. IFR lower than previous waves.The Ministry Health.

Language: Английский

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Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality of COVID-19 in 237 countries and territories, January 2022: a systematic analysis for World Health Organization COVID-19 Dashboard

Life Cycle, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 2

Published: May 12, 2022

Objective: To estimate global, regional, and national incidences mortality of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in 237 countries territories since outbreak COVID-19 pandemic to 31 January, 2022. Methods: Comprehensive estimates were produced through studies cumulative severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections for duration pandemic. The incidence rate was analyzed based on World Health Organization (WHO) Dashboard data number total confirmed cases, cases (cumulative incidence) per 100,000, death rate) 100,000 population calculated according WHO regions, Bank income groups, each country. Results: A 349,641,119 reported globally 2022 COVID-19, 4,485.72 population). Europe demonstrated highest (14,039.95 population), followed by Americas (12,512.57 population) showing a 5,592,266 71.75 population, respectively. presented nation with United States America (n=69,727,991). However, found higher developing underdeveloped countries. Conclusion: From start 2022, 349.6 million worldwide suffered symptoms SARS-COV-2 5.6 lost their lives due it. other high-income groups showed high rates while upper middle-income nations. According figures nationalities, compromised economic status despite relatively lower than developed results this study may provide crucially important research proper public health policies strategies.

Language: Английский

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OMICRON: Virology, immunopathogenesis, and laboratory diagnosis

The Journal of Gene Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 24(7)

Published: June 21, 2022

Since its emersion, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a significant global dilemma. Several mutations in the severe acute respiratory virus (SARS-Co-2) genome given rise to different variants with various levels of transmissibility, severity and mortality. Up until November 2021, concern declared by World Health Organization were Alpha, Beta, Delta Gamma. then, novel variant named Omicron (B.1.1.529) developed. BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2 BA.3 are four known subvariants Omicron. The involves new spike protein, most which receptor binding site, increase transmissibility decrease antibody vaccine response. Understanding virology is necessary for developing diagnostic therapeutic methods. Moreover, important issues, such as risk re-infection, response kinds vaccines, need booster dose increased infection pediatrics, be addressed. In this article, we provide an overview biological immunopathological properties subvariants, clinical signs symptoms, vaccines against Omicron, re-infection approaches specific challenges successful control management rapid spread variant.

Language: Английский

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Unraveling the dynamics of the Omicron and Delta variants of the 2019 coronavirus in the presence of vaccination, mask usage, and antiviral treatment

Applied Mathematical Modelling, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 114, P. 447 - 465

Published: Sept. 30, 2022

Language: Английский

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