Abstract
The
transition
to
renewable
energy
sources
has
increased
the
need
for
efficient
and
sustainable
storage
solutions,
with
Underground
Hydrogen
Storage
(UHS)
in
depleted
gas
reservoirs
emerging
as
a
promising
option.
Maintaining
wellbore
integrity
such
environments
is
critical,
yet
interactions
between
hydrogen,
brine,
cement,
particularly
chemical
additives,
remain
insufficiently
understood.
This
study
addresses
this
gap
by
investigating
effects
of
hydrogen
brine
on
mineralogy
microstructure
cement
without
additives.
We
conducted
series
experiments,
including
X-ray
diffract
(XRD),
scanning
electron
microscopy
(SEM),
micro-computed
tomography
(micro-CT),
water
chemistry
measurements,
evaluate
changes
composition
over
time.
Key
findings
reveal
that
while
primary
mineral
compositions
Portlandite
Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate
(C-S-H)
compound,
transform
under
exposure,
additives
fluid
loss,
dispersants
retarder
show
minimal
impact
these
changes.
average
size
interconnected
pore
networks
significantly,
but
increase
was
much
lower
(38.3%)
compared
(324.6%),
indicating
help
inhibit
network
expansion.
Despite
this,
overall
porosity
remained
stable.
Micro-fractures
were
more
uniformly
distributed
whereas
cracks
connected
existing
pores,
forming
larger
void
networks.
However,
generation
propagation
micro-fractures
are
likely
due
temperature
pressure
during
samples
loading
rather
than
H2.
Ion
concentrations,
Na+,
K+,
Ca2+,
Cl-,
largely
stable,
only
slight
SO42-
gypsum
dissolution.
These
results
suggest
Class
G
generally
negligible,
observed
composition.
While
offer
some
resistance
structural
induced
their
effectiveness
limited.
underscores
developing
robust
solutions
enhance
durability
strength
UHS
applications,
which
crucial
long-term
stability
safety
subsurface
systems.
Energies,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
18(1), P. 169 - 169
Published: Jan. 3, 2025
Offshore
wind
power
construction
has
seen
significant
development
due
to
the
high
density
of
offshore
energy
and
minimal
terrain
restrictions
for
farms.
However,
integrating
this
into
grid
remains
a
challenge.
The
scientific
community
is
increasingly
focusing
on
hydrogen
as
means
enhance
integration
these
fluctuating
renewable
sources.
This
paper
reviews
research
generation,
water
electrolysis
production,
large-scale
storage.
By
latest
advancements,
we
propose
system
that
couples
seawater
(SWE)
salt
cavern
coupling
aims
address
practical
issues
such
Regarding
application
potential
system,
details
advantages
developing
in
Jiangsu
using
system.
While
there
are
still
some
challenges
it
undeniably
offers
new
pathway
coastal
cities
advance
sets
direction
progress.
Encyclopedia,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
4(2), P. 847 - 863
Published: May 14, 2024
Due
to
the
increasing
world
population
and
environmental
considerations,
there
has
been
a
tremendous
interest
in
alternative
energy
sources.
Hydrogen
plays
major
role
as
an
carrier
due
its
environmentally
benign
nature.
The
combustion
of
hydrogen
releases
water
vapor
while
it
also
vast
industrial
application
aerospace,
pharmaceutical,
metallurgical
industries.
Although
promising,
faces
storage
challenges.
Underground
(UHS)
presents
promising
method
safely
storing
hydrogen.
selection
appropriate
cushion
gas
for
UHS
is
critical
aspect
ensuring
safety,
efficiency,
reliability
system.
Cushion
pivotal
maintaining
necessary
pressure
within
reservoir,
thereby
enabling
consistent
injection
withdrawal
rates
One
key
functions
act
buffer,
that
remains
desired
range
despite
fluctuations
demand
or
supply.
This
achieved
by
alternately
expanding
compressing
during
cycles,
effectively
regulating
overall
dynamics
facility.
Furthermore,
choice
can
have
significant
implications
on
performance
long-term
stability
Factors
such
compatibility
with
hydrogen,
cost-effectiveness,
availability,
impact
must
be
carefully
considered
when
selecting
most
suitable
gas.
present
study
provides
comprehensive
review
different
types
gases
commonly
used
UHS,
including
nitrogen,
methane,
carbon
dioxide.
By
examining
advantages,
limitations,
practical
considerations
associated
each
option,
aims
offer
valuable
insights
into
optimizing
systems.
Ultimately,
successful
implementation
hinges
not
only
technological
innovation
but
strategic
decisions
regarding
management.
addressing
these
challenges
proactively,
stakeholders
unlock
full
potential
clean
sustainable
carrier,
contributing
global
transition
towards
low-carbon
future.
Applied Sciences,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
15(3), P. 1614 - 1614
Published: Feb. 5, 2025
The
aim
of
this
study
is
to
review
and
identify
H2
storage
suitability
in
geological
reservoirs
the
Republic
Lithuania.
Notably,
Lithuania
can
store
clean
effectively
competitively
because
its
wealth
resources
well-established
infrastructure.
viability
Lithuanian
contexts
highlighted
study.
In
addition,
when
it
comes
injectivity
capacity,
salt
caverns
saline
aquifers
present
less
a
challenge
than
other
kinds
medium.
possesses
sizable
subterranean
(Cambrian
rocks)
that
be
utilized
H2.
For
preliminary
assessment,
cyclic
injection,
production
simulation
performed.
A
10-year
hydrogen
injection
recovery
Syderiai
aquifer
demonstrated
feasibility
UHS,
though
efficiency
was
reduced
by
nearly
50%
using
single
well
for
both
production.
suggests
separate
wells
improve
efficiency.
However,
guarantee
economic
containment
security,
detailed
assessment
structures
required
specifically
at
pore
scale
level.
volumetric
approach
estimated
combined
capacity
approximately
898.5
Gg
(~11
TWh)
Vaskai
aquifers,
significantly
exceeding
previous
estimates.
findings
underscore
importance
data
further
research
on
hydrogen-specific
factors
optimize
UHS
Addressing
technical,
geological,
environmental
challenges
through
multidisciplinary
essential
advancing
implementation
supporting
Lithuania’s
transition
sustainable
energy
system.
makes
possible
maximize
use
energy,
reduce
greenhouse
gas
emissions,
build
more
resilient
Hence,
intensive
advancements
are
needed
broader
applications
