Multifunctional Nanotheranostics for Overcoming the Blood–Brain Barrier

Advanced Functional Materials, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 34(19)

Published: Jan. 4, 2024

Abstract The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a tailored system of capillary endothelial cells intermixed with tight junctions and adherent that regulates the transport various materials substances between blood vasculature central nervous (CNS). However, in cases brain diseases, BBB's protective regulatory effects hamper therapeutics from reaching affected sites sufficient quantities. This has so far been leading challenge treating CNS diseases disorders. For this problem to be overcome, recent research sought develop novel modalities achieve efficient therapy alleviate associated symptoms. Therefore, numerous strategies have operated years address limitations traditional invasive methods, including poor penetration serious side effects. As desperately in‐demand technology, nanotheranostics particularly shown promising results. Herein, review reports advancements techniques nanotechnology‐based developed for neurodegenerative study provides comprehensive data on subject used future studies management disorders diseases.

Language: Английский

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Hydrogel loaded with cerium-manganese nanoparticles and nerve growth factor enhances spinal cord injury repair by modulating immune microenvironment and promoting neuronal regeneration

Journal of Nanobiotechnology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 23(1)

Published: Jan. 20, 2025

Spinal cord injury (SCI) treatment remains a formidable challenge, as current therapeutic approaches provide only marginal relief and fail to reverse the underlying tissue damage. This study aims develop novel composite material combining enzymatic nanoparticles nerve growth factor (NGF) modulate immune microenvironment enhance SCI repair. CeMn (NP) NP-polyethylene glycol (PEG) nanozymes were synthesized via sol–gel reaction DSPE-mPEG modification. Transmission Electron Microscopy, Selected-Area Diffraction, X-ray Diffraction Photoelectron Spectroscopy confirmed their crystalline structure, mixed-valence states, redox properties. Size uniformity, biocompatibility, catalytic activity assessed hydrodynamic diameter, zeta potential, elemental analysis. The Lightgel/NGF/CeMn NP-PEG was characterized electron microscopy, compression testing, rheological analysis, NGF release kinetics, 30-day degradation studies. Both in vitro vivo experiments conducted evaluate effects of on SCI. successfully synthesized, exhibiting favorable physical At concentration 4 µg/mL, maintained cell viability demonstrated enhanced biological activity. It also showed superior mechanical properties an effective profile. Notably, significantly upregulated expression growth-associated proteins, reduced inflammatory cytokines, scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS), promoted M2 macrophage polarization by inhibiting cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway. In rat model, it facilitated functional recovery attenuated inflammation. shows significant promise for SCI, effectively eliminating ROS, promoting polarization, reducing pro-inflammatory supporting neuronal regeneration. These substantially motor function rats, positioning promising candidate future clinical applications.

Language: Английский

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Hydrogel and Nanomedicine‐Based Multimodal Therapeutic Strategies for Spinal Cord Injury

Small Methods, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: Oct. 26, 2023

Abstract Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurodegenerative disease caused by mechanical and biological factors, manifesting as loss of motor sensory functions. Inhibition expansion even reversal in the acute damage stage SCI are important strategies for treating this disease. Hydrogels nanoparticle (NP)‐based drugs most effective, widely studied, clinically valuable therapeutic field repair regeneration. 3D flow structures that fill pathological gaps provide microenvironment similar to spinal extracellular matrix nerve cell NP‐based can easily penetrate blood‐spinal barrier, target lesions, noninvasive. NPs drug carriers be loaded with various factors slow release lesions. They help function more efficiently exerting anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, regeneration effects promote recovery neurological function. In review, use hydrogels role both discussed multimodal strategic reference after SCI.

Language: Английский

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Recent advances in gene delivery nanoplatforms based on spherical nucleic acids

Journal of Nanobiotechnology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 22(1)

Published: July 1, 2024

Abstract Gene therapy is a therapeutic option for mitigating diseases that do not respond well to pharmacological therapy. This type of allows correcting altered and defective genes by transferring nucleic acids target cells. Notably, achieving desirable outcome possible successfully delivering genetic materials into the cell. In-vivo gene transfer strategies use two major classes vectors, namely viral nonviral. Both these systems have distinct pros cons, choice delivery system depends on objectives other considerations. Safe efficient main feature any system. Spherical (SNAs) are nanotechnology-based (i.e., non-viral vectors). They three-dimensional structures consisting hollow or solid spherical core nanoparticle functionalized with dense highly organized layer oligonucleotides. The unique structural features SNAs confer them high potency in internalization various types tissue cells, stability against nucleases, efficay penetrating through biological barriers (such as skin, blood–brain barrier, blood–tumor barrier). also show negligible toxicity trigger minimal immune response reactions. During last decades, all favorable physicochemical attributes made attractive vehicles drug acid delivery. article discusses properties, SNAs, optimization mechanisms SNAs. We focus recent advances synthesis nanoplatforms based

Language: Английский

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Electrostimulation via a 3D-printed, biomimetic, neurotrophic, electroconductive scaffold for the promotion of axonal regrowth after spinal cord injury

Materials Today, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 79, P. 60 - 72

Published: Aug. 28, 2024

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurotrauma, affecting 250,000 to 500,000 people annually, and typically results in paralysis. Electrostimulation can promote neuronal growth, but the formation of lesion cavity post-SCI inhibits regrowth, limiting its efficacy. Bridging with structured, electroactive substrate direct electrostimulation growing neurites could support drive regrowth through enable functional recovery date, no such platform exists. This study describes development an electroconductive (15 ± 5 S/m), 3D-printed scaffold, comprising polypyrrole/polycaprolactone framework filled biomimetic & neurotrophic extracellular matrix. 3D printing allowed inclusion channels scaffold designed mimic size human corticospinal tracts neurons. Scaffolds exhibited excellent biocompatibility both neurons primary astrocytes maintained electrical biofunctionality when scaled match tracts. When were cultured for 7 days on scaffolds under continuous (200 mV/mm, 12 Hz), significantly longer observed electrically stimulated scaffolds. These demonstrate that applied via anatomically-mimetic, drives neurite outgrowth represents promising approach treatment spinal injury.

Language: Английский

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Insights into Advances and Applications of Biomaterials for Nerve Tissue Injuries and Neurodegenerative Disorders

Macromolecular Bioscience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Sept. 30, 2024

Abstract The incidence of nerve tissue injuries, such as peripheral injury, spinal cord traumatic brain and various neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), is continuously increasing because stress, physical chemical trauma, the aging population worldwide. Restoration damaged nervous system challenging its structural functional complexity limited regenerative ability. Additionally, there no cure available for NDs except medications that provide symptomatic relief. Stem cells offer an alternative approach promoting damage repair, but their efficacy by a compromised survival rate neurogenesis process. To address these challenges, neural engineering has emerged promising strategy in which stem are seeded or encapsulated within suitable biomaterial construct, cell neurogenesis. Numerous biomaterials utilized to create different types constructs this purpose. Researchers trying develop ideal scaffolds combine biomaterials, cells, molecules exactly mimic biological mechanical properties achieve recovery associated with neurological dysfunction. This review focuses on exploring development applications potential use diagnosis, therapy, regeneration, treatment disorders.

Language: Английский

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Poly (Betulinic Acid) Nanoparticles Loaded with bFGF Improve Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury

Advanced Healthcare Materials, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(12)

Published: Jan. 20, 2024

Abstract Oxidative stress (OS) is one of the crucial molecular events secondary spinal cord injury (SCI). Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) a multipotent cell with an anti‐oxidant effect. However, bFGF has short half‐life in vivo, which limits its therapeutic application. Biodegradable polymers excellent biocompatibility have been recently applied SCI. The negative aspect that cannot provide significant Betulinic acid (BA), natural anti‐inflammatory compound, polymerized into poly (betulinic acid) (PBA) to serve as drug carrier for bFGF. This study explores effects and underlying mechanisms PBA nanoparticles (NPs) loaded (PBA‐bFGF NPs) Results show PBA‐bFGF NPs produce remarkable vivo vitro. results also demonstrate local delivery enhances motor function recovery, inhibits OS, mitigates neuroinflammation, alleviates neuronal apoptosis following Furthermore, indicate activates nuclear erythroid 2‐related 2 (Nrf‐2) signaling pathway In summary, suggest delivers potential advantages treatment management

Language: Английский

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Stimuli-responsive nanotheranostic systems conjugated with AIEgens for advanced cancer bio-imaging and treatment

Journal of Controlled Release, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 373, P. 766 - 802

Published: Aug. 3, 2024

Language: Английский

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Spinal Cord Injury Repair Based on Drug and Cell Delivery: from Remodeling Microenvironment to Relay Connection Formation

Materials Today Bio, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 31, P. 101556 - 101556

Published: Feb. 4, 2025

Spinal cord injury (SCI) presents a formidable challenge in clinical settings, resulting sensory and motor function loss imposing significant personal societal burdens. However, owning to the adverse microenvironment limited regenerative capacity, achieving complete functional recovery after SCI remains elusive. Additionally, traditional interventions including surgery medication have series of limitations that restrict effectiveness treatment. Recently, tissue engineering (TE) has emerged as promising approach for promoting neural regeneration SCI, which can effectively delivery drugs into site cells improve survival differential. Here, we outline main pathophysiology events post injury, further discuss materials common assembly strategies used scaffolds treatment, expound on latest advancements treatment methods based drug cell detail, propose future directions repair with TE highlight potential applications.

Language: Английский

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Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A review of the current state of art and future directions––what do we know and where are we going?

North American Spine Society Journal (NASSJ), Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 22, P. 100601 - 100601

Published: March 5, 2025

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a devastating condition, with limited functional recovery despite advancements in clinical management and understanding of its mechanisms. SCI pathophysiology involves primary mechanical trauma secondary neuroimmune structural changes, leading to neuronal death chronic deficits. Through comprehensive literature review articles published the PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Reviews Library databases, this article provides an update on current traumatic focus these emerging therapeutic strategies that hold potential for future field. Current include pre-hospital care, acute interventions, surgical decompression spine destabilization, neurorehabilitation. Despite patients often fail fully restore lost functions. Emerging therapies neuroprotection, neuroregeneration, neuromodulation, leveraging advances molecular biomarkers, imaging techniques, cell-based treatments. Neuroprotective agents, including sodium-glutamate antagonist riluzole, aim keep cells alive through phase, while regenerative utilize neurotrophic factors stem cell transplantation or approaches target inhibitor molecules such as NOGO RGMa regenerate new cells, axons, neural circuits. Neuromodulation electrical magnetic field stimulation, offer promising avenues recovery. Combining novel traditional neurorehabilitation holds improved outcomes. While significant strides have been made mechanisms underlying developing approaches, challenge opportunity will be tailor treatments fit heterogenous presentation better understand heterogeneity trajectories.

Language: Английский

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