Threatened and extinct island endemic birds of the world: Distribution, threats and functional diversity

Journal of Biogeography, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 49(11), P. 1920 - 1940

Published: Sept. 19, 2022

Abstract Aim The world's islands support disproportionate levels of endemic avian biodiversity despite suffering numerous extinctions. While intensive recent research has focused on island bird conservation or extinction, few global syntheses have considered these factors together from the perspective morphological trait diversity. Here, we provide a summary status and ecology extant extinct birds, threats they face implications species loss for functional Location Global. Taxon Birds. Methods We review literature threatened with particular focus studies that incorporated Alongside this, analyse IUCN Red List data in relation to distribution, taxonomy. Using null models hypervolumes, combination data, assess diversity represented by birds. Results main conclusions find almost half all birds 1500 CE are currently either majority having declining population trends. also found evidence 66 subspecies primary agriculture, biological resource use, invasive species. there is overlap between hotspots endemics some notable differences, including Philippines Indonesia, which substantial number but no recorded post‐1500 Traits associated large body mass, flightlessness, aquatic predator, omnivorous vertivorous trophic niches, marine habitat affinity, and, paradoxically, higher dispersal ability. Critically, (i) occupy distinct areas beak morphospace, (ii) represent unique overall space endemics. caution may severe effects ecological functions islands.

Language: Английский

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Dwarfism and gigantism drive human-mediated extinctions on islands

Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 379(6636), P. 1054 - 1059

Published: March 10, 2023

Islands have long been recognized as distinctive evolutionary arenas leading to morphologically divergent species, such dwarfs and giants. We assessed how body size evolution in island mammals may exacerbated their vulnerability, well human arrival has contributed past ongoing extinctions, by integrating data on 1231 extant 350 extinct species from islands paleo worldwide spanning the 23 million years. found that likelihood of extinction endangerment are highest most extreme Extinction risk insular was compounded modern humans, which accelerated rates more than 10-fold, resulting an almost complete demise these iconic marvels evolution.

Language: Английский

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Island Biogeography

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: June 30, 2023

Abstract Island Biogeography: Geo-environmental Dynamics, Ecology, Evolution, Human Impact, and Conservation provides a synthetic review covering islands as model systems in the life sciences. It is centred on study of geographical distribution biodiversity how it changes through time, understood medium island biotas ecosystems. comprises four parts devoted turn to: environments; ecology; evolution; human impact conservation. describes origins dynamics different types key characteristics environments that shape their biotic characteristics. identifies theories ecology reviews progress towards evaluation development. sets out essential building blocks evolution emergent patterns insular endemism evolutionary syndromes animals plants. geo-environmental are crucial relevance to understanding developing improved explanatory predictive models ecological dynamics. application theory fragmented spread societies across world these subsequent colonization events environments, biotas, sustainability islands. evidence anthropogenic extinction islands, identifying drivers threats existing native species ecosystems, ways which may make particularly vulnerable certain external influences. considers distinctive conservation challenges solutions be effective

Language: Английский

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Lights at the end of the tunnel: The incidence and characteristics of recovery for Australian threatened animals

Biological Conservation, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 279, P. 109946 - 109946

Published: Feb. 6, 2023

Recovery of threatened species is a widely recognised conservation goal. We assess the incidence and characteristics recovery for Australian animals from establishment Australia's national environmental legislation in 2000 to 2022. Formal de-listings have been few, mostly not indicative actual recovery. However, we assessed that 29 taxa (1 fish, 4 frogs, 1 reptile, 8 birds 15 mammals), representing 6.5 % 446 consider were justifiably listed as threatened, recovered over this period such they no longer meet eligibility criteria listing threatened. Most are mammals whose previous decline was due introduced predators. Their has enabled by sustained management actions (establishment predator-free havens, translocations predator control). The lack invertebrates possibly because these received little investment. limited fish capacity abating threats predators exploitation degradation aquatic systems. Species habitat loss degradation, fire climate change under-represented recoveries. De-listing here would provide tangible recognition indicator success help maintain integrity list. most rapidly become eligible re-listing should their be withdrawn. Although there prevalent trend species, recoveries merit recognition.

Language: Английский

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Climatic stability and geological history shape global centers of neo- and paleoendemism in seed plants

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 120(30)

Published: July 17, 2023

Assessing the distribution of geographically restricted and evolutionarily unique species their underlying drivers is key to understanding biogeographical processes critical for global conservation prioritization. Here, we quantified geographic phylogenetic endemism ~320,000 seed plants worldwide identified centers young (neoendemism) old (paleoendemism). Tropical subtropical islands as well tropical mountain regions displayed world's highest endemism. Most rainforest emerged paleoendemism, while most Mediterranean-climate showed high neoendemism. Centers where neo- paleoendemism coincide on some oceanic continental fragment islands, in parts Irano-Turanian floristic region. Global variation was explained by a combination past present environmental factors (79.8 87.7% variance explained) strongly related heterogeneity. Also, warm wet climates, isolation, long-term climatic stability Neo- were jointly geological history. Long-term promoted persistence paleoendemics, isolation histories Mountainous both reflecting diversification over time. Our study provides insights into evolutionary underpinnings patterns identifies areas Earth with uniqueness-key information setting priorities.

Language: Английский

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Trading species to extinction: evidence of extinction linked to the wildlife trade

Cambridge Prisms Extinction, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 1

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

The link between unsustainable harvest of species for the wildlife trade and extinction is clear in some cases, but little known about number across taxonomic groups that have gone extinct because trade-related factors, or future risks traded species. We conducted a rapid review published articles assessments on IUCN Red List Threatened Species with aim recording examples extinctions were attributed to trade. found reports linked, at least part, 511 unique taxa. These include 294 global extinctions, 25 wild, 192 local extinctions. majority global/in wild linked (230) involved ray-finned fishes, primarily due predation by introduced commercial Seventy-one 175 reported animal taxa mammals. Twenty-two 16 plants reportedly One fungal was locally over-harvesting Furthermore, 340 be near-extinct trade, 269 which animals, including several high-profile megafauna. Extinctions direct harvesting and/or indirect threats such as bycatch invasive often it not possible determine relative role Our results highlight need better data collection risk understand its impacts inform more effective policy.

Language: Английский

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Islands are key for protecting the world’s plant endemism

Nature, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 634(8035), P. 868 - 874

Published: Oct. 16, 2024

Language: Английский

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A Review on the State of the Art in Frugivory and Seed Dispersal on Islands and the Implications of Global Change

The Botanical Review, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 90(2), P. 160 - 185

Published: Jan. 17, 2024

Abstract We provide an overview of the current state knowledge island frugivory and seed dispersal identify gaps that are important for fundamental research on—and applied conservation of—island ecosystems. conducted a systematic literature search on islands, omitting large, continental islands. This revealed total 448 studies, most (75%) published during last two decades, especially after 2010. Nearly 65% them were focused eight archipelagos. There is paucity studies in Pacific archipelagos near Asia Australia, Indian Ocean. Data diverse but highly uneven geographic conceptual coverage. Despite their limited biodiversity, islands essential reservoirs endemic plants animals interactions. Due to simplicity insular ecosystems, we can assess importance theory mechanisms at species community levels. These include ecological biogeographical meaning prevalence non-standard islands; effectiveness relative roles different frugivore guilds (birds reptiles being important); patterns organization drivers as by interaction networks. Island systems characterized extinction many natives endemics, high rates introductions. Therefore, understanding how these losses additions alter processes has been prevailing goal foundation effective restoration

Language: Английский

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The global loss of avian functional and phylogenetic diversity from anthropogenic extinctions

Science, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 386(6717), P. 55 - 60

Published: Oct. 3, 2024

Humans have been driving a global erosion of species richness for millennia, but the consequences past extinctions other dimensions biodiversity-functional and phylogenetic diversity-are poorly understood. In this work, we show that, since Late Pleistocene, extinction 610 bird has caused disproportionate loss avian functional space along with ~3 billion years unique evolutionary history. For island endemics, proportional losses even greater. Projected future more than 1000 over next two centuries will incur further substantial reductions in diversity. These results highlight severe ongoing biodiversity crisis urgent need to identify ecological functions being lost through extinction.

Language: Английский

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On the path to extinction: Helix godetiana Kobelt, 1878, the only threatened Helix species in Greece

Nature Conservation, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 58, P. 1 - 10

Published: Jan. 16, 2025

Land snails and the Aegean Archipelago offer an intriguing combination for studying biodiversity, biogeography ecology. A region with high environmental temporal heterogeneity a tri-continental biotic influence group of organisms low active dispersal abilities, endemism, as well particularity to leave shells traces past presence, set ideal stage testing biodiversity patterns exploring multisource threats, especially in era ongoing crisis. In this study, we examine Helix godetiana , large-sized, threatened endemic land snail central south Islands. The species has been extirpated from 22 32 islands where it was historically present. We identify potential drivers its extinction, faces several threats across current range, including competitive exclusion by Cornu aspersum continuing expansion climate change disrupting unusual breeding cycle, which occurs late spring. Our findings shed light on potentially major, yet previously unexplored, molluscs Islands, European hotspot.

Language: Английский

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