Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Overview on Protocols, Architectures, Technologies, Simulation Tools, and Future Directions

Energies, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 16(8), P. 3465 - 3465

Published: April 14, 2023

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a global network interconnected computing, sensing, and networking devices that can exchange data information via various protocols. It connect numerous smart thanks to recent advances in wired, wireless, hybrid technologies. Lightweight IoT protocols compensate for with restricted hardware characteristics terms storage, Central Processing Unit (CPU), energy, etc. Hence, it critical identify the optimal communication protocol system architects. This necessitates an evaluation next-generation networks improved connectivity. paper highlights significant wireless wired technologies their applications, offering new categorization conventional provides in-depth analysis detailed technical about stacks, limitations, applications. study further compares industrial IoT-compliant software simulation tools. Finally, summary current challenges, along broad overview future directions tackle next generation. aims provide comprehensive primer on concepts, protocols, insights academics professionals use contexts.

Language: Английский

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The Impact of 6G-IoT Technologies on the Development of Agriculture 5.0: A Review

Electronics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(12), P. 2651 - 2651

Published: June 13, 2023

Throughout human history, agriculture has undergone a series of progressive transformations based on ever-evolving technologies in an effort to increase productivity and profitability. Over the years, farming methods have evolved significantly, progressing from Agriculture 1.0, which relied primitive tools, 2.0, incorporated machinery advanced practices, subsequently 3.0, emphasized mechanization employed intelligent technology enhance levels. To further automate agricultural while minimizing inputs pollutants, new approach management concepts fourth industrial revolution is being embraced gradually. This referred as “Agriculture 4.0” mainly implemented through use Internet Things (IoT) technologies, enabling remote control sensors actuators efficient collection transfer data. In addition, fueled by such robotics, artificial intelligence, quantum sensing, four-dimensional communication, form smart agriculture, called 5.0,” now emerging. 5.0 can exploit growing 5G network infrastructure basis. However, only 6G-IoT networks will be able offer technological advances that allow full expansion 5.0, inferred relevant scientific literature research. this article, we first introduce scope well key features leveraged much-anticipated communication systems. We then highlight importance influence these developing advancement conclude with discussion future challenges opportunities.

Language: Английский

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A Survey on Resource Management for 6G Heterogeneous Networks: Current Research, Future Trends, and Challenges

Electronics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(3), P. 647 - 647

Published: Jan. 28, 2023

The sixth generation (6G) mobile communication system is expected to meet the different service needs of modern scenarios. Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) have received a lot attention in recent years due their potential as novel structure for evolutionary networks. When compared homogeneous networks, HetNets provide more spatial spectrum reuse and higher quality (QoS). However, effective resource management (RM) solutions are essential prevent interference accomplish sharing mutual interference. This paper presents comprehensive review 6G HetNets. study aims give crucial background on aid creation methods this field study. First, detailed examination work presented aspects such power allocation, user association, mode selection, allocation. Second, we identify most severe challenges associated with current propose suitable solutions. Finally, several open issues emerging areas research highlighted.

Language: Английский

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6G Networks and the AI Revolution—Exploring Technologies, Applications, and Emerging Challenges

Sensors, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 24(6), P. 1888 - 1888

Published: March 15, 2024

In the rapidly evolving landscape of wireless communication, each successive generation networks has achieved significant technological leaps, profoundly transforming way we connect and interact. From analog simplicity 1G to digital prowess 5G, journey mobile been marked by constant innovation escalating demands for faster, more reliable, efficient communication systems. As 5G becomes a global reality, laying foundation an interconnected world, quest even advanced leads us threshold sixth-generation (6G) era. This paper presents hierarchical exploration 6G networks, poised at forefront next revolution in technology. study delves into advancements that underpin need 6G, examining its key features, benefits, enabling technologies. We dissect intricacies cutting-edge innovations like terahertz ultra-massive MIMO, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), quantum reconfigurable intelligent surfaces. Through meticulous analysis, evaluate strengths, weaknesses, state-of-the-art research these areas, offering wider view current progress potential applications networks. Central our discussion is transformative role AI shaping future By integrating ML, are expected offer unprecedented capabilities, from enhanced broadband groundbreaking areas smart cities autonomous integration heralds new era intelligent, self-optimizing promise redefine parameters connectivity interaction. also address critical challenges deployment hurdles regulatory concerns, providing holistic assessment barriers. highlighting interplay between technologies, this maps out lights path forward domain. aims be cornerstone resource, essential insights, addressing unresolved questions, stimulating further investigation multifaceted realm synergy aim illuminate field.

Language: Английский

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Toward a Secure 5G-Enabled Internet of Things: A Survey on Requirements, Privacy, Security, Challenges, and Opportunities

IEEE Access, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12, P. 13125 - 13145

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

5G and the Internet of Things (IoT) are a potent combination that offers vast IoT infrastructure can support billions connected devices while maintaining reliability, affordability, high-speed connectivity. Nevertheless, integration 5G-enabled has received insufficient attention from security analysts, engineers, researchers, resulting in lack information viable solutions. This study investigates benefits issues associated with IoT, including its privacy concerns as well technology drivers enable various layers. By incorporating into several enhancements have been achieved, enhanced simplicity, practicability, analysis, efficiency, agility, flexibility, accessibility. To achieve full potential for however, researchers must also address many research obstacles, such designing 5G-IoT architecture, managing committed machine interactions, addressing concerns. A promising strategy overcoming these obstacles involves ensuring compatibility operating systems all devices, which will lead to development modern open-source standardization smooth communication across diverse devices. innovation improve by equipping their hardware intelligence recognize, verify, authorize processes predetermined characteristics. provide authorized users autonomy persistent connectivity, enhancing overall user experience. However, requires thorough examination implications difficulties. safer more efficient ecosystem may be established encouraging industry-wide collaboration.

Language: Английский

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5G/6G-enabled metaverse technologies: Taxonomy, applications, and open security challenges with future research directions

Journal of Network and Computer Applications, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 223, P. 103828 - 103828

Published: Jan. 19, 2024

Language: Английский

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Exploring Artificial Intelligence and Data Science-Based Security and its Scope in IoT Use Cases

International Journal of Computational and Experimental Science and Engineering, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: Feb. 6, 2025

The fast growth of IO networks has resulted in a security crisis besides the development decentralized-based innovations, and such decentralized bases or technologies also made challenges terms speed, performance, scalability. Traditional machine learning-based intrusion detection systems (IDS) are unable to manage intricate non-linear correlations seen massive amounts IoT data. They produce relatively low rates, especially multi-class classification, where many attack types must be addressed. Overcoming these hurdles calls for frameworks: innovative enough accommodate challenge whilst using wealth data produced by devices. Abstract In this paper, we introduce unique MLP-based deep learning architecture settings. This framework includes preprocessing pipeline that optimally normalizes applies one-hot-encoding prepare it classification. We tested algorithms on UNSW-NB15 dataset, commonly used IDS. Mere quantitative results show MLP surpasses classical models like Logistic Regression, SVM, Random Forests, giving precision 97.53%, recall 97.23%, accuracy 97.73% classification task. is undoubtedly scalable provides sufficient mechanism whole ecosystem; hence, can various actual use cases. performance shows could solve new threats developing environments.

Language: Английский

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Spectrum Options and Allocations for 6G: A Regulatory and Standardization Review

IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 4, P. 1787 - 1812

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

The upcoming sixth generation (6G) mobile communication system is expected to operate across a wide range of spectrum that includes not only the bands used by previous generations but also higher frequency such as millimeter wave (mmWave), which are currently assigned fifth (5G) networks, terahertz (THz), and optical spectrum. By utilizing broader frequencies, it will be possible support 6G applications with faster data rates, capacity, lower latency. However, pose unique challenges path loss, absorption engineering difficulties for antennas radio (RF) circuitry design, require advanced technologies innovative solutions. Given scarce resource, efficient management crucial ensure most effective exploitation bands. has evolved over years, different approaches being assign utilize In this paper, we provide review approaches, including their use in awarding 5G spectrum, explore 6G. We then offer brief overview sharing its role enabling resources. regulations, standardization, features, limitations, potential cases as, mmWave, THz, visible light (VL) analyzed comprehensive understanding options available technology.

Language: Английский

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From Efficiency to Sustainability: Exploring the Potential of 6G for a Greener Future

Sustainability, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(23), P. 16387 - 16387

Published: Nov. 28, 2023

This article provides a comprehensive examination of sustainable 6G wireless communication systems, addressing the urgent need for environmentally friendly and energy-efficient networks. The background establishes broader context significance study, emphasizing escalating concerns surrounding environmental impact energy consumption systems. purpose this study is to explore propose solutions methods employed in research encompass an analysis various strategies technologies, including energy-aware network design, dynamic power management, harvesting, green infrastructure deployment. main findings highlight effectiveness these approaches enhancing efficiency, reducing carbon footprint, optimizing resource management conclusions drawn from emphasize importance systems achieving more eco-friendly future. It crucial adopt practices minimize address increasing demands valuable insights researchers, industry practitioners, policymakers, aiding development implementation

Language: Английский

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The 6G Ecosystem as Support for IoE and Private Networks: Vision, Requirements, and Challenges

Future Internet, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(11), P. 348 - 348

Published: Oct. 25, 2023

The emergence of the sixth generation cellular systems (6G) signals a transformative era and ecosystem for mobile communications, driven by demands from technologies like internet everything (IoE), V2X factory automation. To support this connectivity, mission-critical applications are emerging with challenging network requirements. primary goals 6G include providing sophisticated high-quality services, extremely reliable further-enhanced broadband (feMBB), low-latency communication (ERLLC), long-distance high-mobility communications (LDHMC), ultra-massive machine-type (umMTC), low-power (ELPC), holographic quality experience (QoE), grounded in incorporating massive broad-bandwidth (mBBMT), (MBBLL), (mLLMT) communications. In attaining its objectives, faces challenges that demand inventive solutions, AI, softwarization, cloudification, virtualization, slicing features. Technologies function virtualization (NFV), slicing, software-defined networking (SDN) play pivotal roles integration, which facilitates efficient resource utilization, responsive service provisioning, expanded coverage, enhanced reliability, increased capacity, densification, heightened availability, safety, security, reduced energy consumption. It presents innovative infrastructure concepts, such as resource-as-a-service (RaaS) infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), featuring management orchestration mechanisms. This includes nomadic networks, AI-aware strategies, dynamic diverse resources. paper provides an in-depth survey wireless evolution leading to addressing future issues associated technology environments considering presenting +challenges architecture, spectrum, air interface, density, flexibility, mobility, security.

Language: Английский

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