Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(6), P. 253 - 259
Published: Nov. 1, 2023
A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature relevance to pharmaceutical and medical research development.
Language: Английский
Allergy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 79(7), P. 2019 - 2021
Published: Feb. 13, 2024
SLC46A2 is crucial for the transportation of DAP-muropeptides into cytosol, leading to NOD1 activation. Subsequent neutrophil recruitment through release IL-1α proves be critical progression psoriatic inflammation. The commonly prescribed anti-inflammatory drug methotrexate inhibits Slc46a2-mediated DAP-muropeptide transport in mouse model, suggesting a therapeutic mechanism suppressing C. accolens; Corynebacterium DAP, diaminopimelic acid; IMQ, imiquimod; MTX, methotrexate; Nod, nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain; ns, not stimulated; SLC46, solute carrier family 46 author declares no conflict interest. Data sharing applicable this article as new data were created or analyzed study.
Language: Английский
Citations
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Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 74(4), P. 617 - 617
Published: Feb. 11, 2024
Madam, Chronic kidney disease has a high prevalence, affecting approximately 10-13% of the population. It is chronic and advancing condition that carries an elevated risk cardiovascular complications. In early stages, patients often remain asymptomatic, Treatment options for include conservative management with glomerular filtration rate above 15 ml/minute, replacement therapies like Hemodialysis (HD), Peritoneal Dialysis (PD), transplantation1. dialysis involves solute fluid exchange across peritoneal membrane, utilizing diffusion, convective transport, osmosis. Adjusting flow solutions optimizes removal, while various techniques enhance these transport characteristics. advantages such as home-based therapy, ease implementation, travel flexibility, lower cost, suitability specific patient groups. allows continuous removal preserving residual renal function. However, potential disadvantages infection risks, limited adequacy, possible malnutrition, concerns about long-term viability, psychological fatigue-related issue2. Haemodialysis widely used treatment acute failure, removing waste products through semipermeable membranes. commonly employed in medical emergencies overload hyperkalemia, well types failure. haemodialysis demands substantial dedication time from both healthcare providers may not be appropriate all individuals insufficiency. Treatment-related side effects cramps, hypotension, issues blood access, reactions to dialyzer should noted hemodialysis does address underlying but instead prolongs life progression multiple systemic conditions3. The choice between PD HD crucial outcomes. Studies on survival rates show mixed results, initially favoring due function (RRF), RRF declines, there are risks. generally preferred over diabetic patients, different risks bone lesions. preserves improves quality treatment. An integrated PD/HD program dialytic centers provides comprehensive care uremic patients4. conclusion, selection depends factors suitability, lifestyle, considerations, health, resource availability. offers flexibility independence, can provide more efficient clearance toxins body. ---Continue
Language: Английский
Citations
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Animals, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(16), P. 2420 - 2420
Published: Aug. 21, 2024
Vitiligo is a depigmentation autoimmune disorder characterized by the progressive loss of melanocytes leading to appearance patchy skin. The presence vitiligo in horses greater those with grey coats. aim this study was therefore perform genome-wide association (GWAS) identify genomic regions and putative candidate loci associated susceptibility Pura Raza Español population. For purpose, we performed wssGBLUP (weighted single step best linear unbiased prediction) using data from total 2359 animals genotyped Affymetrix Axiom™ Equine 670 K 1346 GeneSeek Genomic Profiler™ (GGP) Array V5. A 60,136 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) present on 32 chromosomes consensus dataset after quality control were employed for analysis. Vitiligo-like phenotyped visual inspection different affected areas (eyes, mouth, nostrils) classified into nine categories three degrees severity (absent, slight, severe). We identified one significant region around eyes, eight seven nostrils, which explained highest percentage variance. These contained genes related melanocytes, skin, immune system, tumour suppression, metastasis, cutaneous carcinoma. findings enable us implement selective breeding strategies decrease incidence elucidate genetic architecture underlying as well molecular mechanisms involved disease’s development. However, further studies are needed better understand skin horses.
Language: Английский
Citations
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Gut Microbes, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(1)
Published: Oct. 22, 2024
In bacteria, the cell envelope is key element surrounding and protecting bacterial content from mechanical or osmotic damages. It allows selective interchanges of solutes, ions, cellular debris, drugs between compartments external environment, thanks to presence transmembrane proteins called transporters. The major component peptidoglycan, consisting long linear glycan strands cross-linked by short peptide stems. During growth under stress conditions, peptidoglycan fragments, muropeptides, are released bacteria recognized host Pattern Recognition Receptor, promoting activation their innate defense mechanisms. review sums up salient aspects microbiota-host interaction with a focus on NOD-dependent immune response accountability muropeptide transporters in crosstalk antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, it retraces discoveries applications microorganisms-derived components such as vaccines vaccine adjuvants.
Language: Английский
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Trends in Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown
Published: Nov. 1, 2024
Language: Английский
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Trends in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown
Published: Nov. 1, 2024
Language: Английский
Citations
1
Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 73(12), P. 2537 - 2537
Published: Nov. 28, 2023
Madam, Methotrexate (MTX) is an antimetabolite (formerly known as amethopterin) proven t effective in managing autoimmune diseases by suppressing the hyperactive immune response, reducing inflammation, and alleviating associated symptoms. In case of psoriasis, a chronic skin disorder characterized red, scaly patches on skin, MTX among available treatment options. It beneficial for moderate to severe psoriasis that does not respond adequately other treatments severity extent lesions, relieving itching, improving overall quality life. A recent study Ravi Bharadwaj et al. found exerts its therapeutic effect psoriatic inflammation inhibiting activity muropeptide transporter SLC46A21. This mechanism interferes with two key inflammatory responses, namely NOD1 NOD2 pathways. administered orally, intramuscularly, intravenously, or subcutaneously. Doctors opt once-weekly oral dosage, which initiates at low level minimize adverse effects. Subsequently, dosage incrementally raised attain desired efficacy2. Although can be choice, usage has concerns regarding potential elevation cancer risk. recently published studies, researchers have concluded use this drug patients might doing more harm than good. meta-analysis performed Margaret al., was receiving therapy 2.8-fold greater likelihood developing non-melanoma (NMSC) comparison those who do undergo treatment3. Moreover, there evidence prolonged may increased probability basal cell carcinoma (BCC) cutaneous squamous (cSCC), following dose-dependent trend4. Individuals require long-term systemic could face significantly elevated risk cancer. Despite multiple studies confirming link between different malignancies, remains alarmingly high treating psoriasis. resource-limited settings such Pakistan, cost-effective efficient option various forms including extensive plaque-type acute pustular erythrodermic psoriasis5. Nevertheless, healthcare workers Pakistan must prioritize establishing accurate administration plan, reduce morbidity mortality rates, well heightened treatment.
Language: Английский
Citations
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Annual Review of Microbiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 78(1), P. 233 - 253
Published: July 17, 2024
Peptidoglycan (PGN) and associated surface structures such as secondary polymers capsules have a central role in the physiology of bacteria. The exoskeletal PGN heteropolymer is major determinant cell shape allows bacteria to withstand cytoplasmic turgor pressure. Thus, its assembly, expansion, remodeling during growth division need be highly regulated avoid compromising survival. Similarly, regulation assembly impacts bacterial shape; distinct shapes enhance fitness different ecological niches, host. Because wall components, particular PGN, are exposed environment unique bacteria, these been coopted evolution by eukaryotes detect Furthermore, essential survival has made an important signaling molecule dialog between host microbes target many responses. Millions years coevolution resulted pivotal for fragments shaping establishing long-lasting symbiosis perturbations this can lead pathologies chronic inflammatory diseases. pathogens devised sophisticated strategies manipulate system their growth.
Language: Английский
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Gut Microbes, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(1)
Published: Sept. 6, 2024
The intestinal microbiota of humans includes a highly diverse range bacterial species. All these bacteria possess cell wall, composed primarily the macromolecule peptidoglycan. As such, gut also harbors an abundant and varied peptidoglycome. A remarkable host physiological pathways are regulated by peptidoglycan fragments that originate from enter system. Interactions between system can influence development homeostasis, promote health, or contribute to inflammatory disease. Underlying effects is interplay composition enzymatic processes shape peptidoglycome, dictating types generated, subsequently cross barrier. In this review, we highlight discuss hidden emerging functional aspects microbiome, i.e. base iceberg, modulate peptidoglycan, how fundamental drivers outcomes for host.
Language: Английский
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Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15
Published: Nov. 15, 2024
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing protein 2 (NOD2) is a member of NOD-like receptor family (NLRs) (1). The NLR was first discovered in the early 2000s through complementary efforts several research teams, which resulted multiple names for same molecule (2)(3)(4)(5)(6). nomenclature has since been standardized; however earlier literature may refer to NOD2 as caspase recruitment domain-containing 15 (CARD15) based on its molecular structure that includes two N-terminal CARDs. an intracellular microbe sensor plays important roles infection defense, control inflammation, and apoptosis (7). discovery missense frameshift mutations are risk factors inflammatory bowel disease Crohn's demonstrates importance this (8,9). Additional genetic variants linked other autoinflammatory diseases, such Blau syndrome Yao (10); however, much more needs be done define clinical phenotypes NOD2-associated diseases understand mechanisms underlying pathogenesis. topic "Basic, clinical, translational studies related diseases" brings together articles provide further insights into area proposes new concept defining diseases.In 2002, highly penetrant exon 4 were found cause (BS, OMIM#186580), pediatric (early onset) autosomal dominant granulomatous characterized by arthritis, uveitis, dermatitis (11). Initially, these thought result overactive NOD2-dependent pro-inflammatory signaling (12); recent indicate loss cross-regulatory function controlling activity pathways (13) greater contributor pathobiology BS. In collection, investigate strategies targeting altered activities novel treatment approaches Multiple immune suppressive therapies have empirically applied BS treatments (14). biology study from Dr.Kambe's group (Ueki Y, et al). Japan reveals Janus kinase inhibitor tofacitinib suppresses cytokine production suppression expression. case report Dr. McBride's US (Jensen ME, al) successful with combination methotrexate hydroxychloroquine; agents interfere expression activation proteins (15,16). Although needed, findings suggest evaluation levels beneficial shaping optimal strategy patients.A recently described (YAOS, OMIM#617321) (17). YAOS systemic recurrent fever, dermatitis, arthralgias, distal leg swelling, gastrointestinal, sicca-like symptoms eyelid swelling form complete or partial constellation (18) (19). This variants, IVS8+158, IVS8+158/R702W, IVS8+158/L1007fs, IVS8+158/V955I (20). Originally predominantly affected adult Caucasian women, five collection expand our understanding presentation age ethnic groups, well refine associated phenotypes. large 167 Greek patients Laskari colleagues (Karamanakos A, 7% (12/167) approximately half diagnosed included both patients. Shen (Zhang J, identification Chinese population key differences include balanced sex ratio higher proportion fever proteinuria/hematuria than cohorts. Additionally, similar analyses different groups (20), distinct populations. Further substantiating genotyping features YAOS, Davis reports 22 European ancestry (Williamson KA, Yao's team comprehensive phenotype, genotype therapeutic response 152 (Nomani H, While there no epidemiologic common initially impacts broader spectrum backgrounds. We estimate prevalence could approach (25/100,000), up 10-27% carry (21).These also support genomic medicine, Genetically Transitional Disease (GTD), gene mutation necessary, but not sufficient, alone.YAOS share (R702W, G908R, L1007fs), often (SAIDs), MEFV, NLRP3, NLRP12 GTD underscores pervasive impact background environment (22). straddles between monogenic complex/polygenic diseases. applies many human disorders including certain rheumatic (23)
Language: Английский
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