RSC Advances,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
15(9), P. 7050 - 7068
Published: Jan. 1, 2025
This
study
investigates
the
use
of
bean
husks
as
a
precursor
for
synthesis
an
efficient
and
regenerable
catalyst,
with
aim
offering
economical
sustainable
alternative
biodiesel
production.
Residual
shell
biomass
(RBBH)
was
calcined
at
different
temperatures
(350-500
°C)
times
(1-4
h)
to
determine
optimum
conditions.
The
catalyst
obtained
characterized
by
various
methods,
such
X-ray
Diffraction
(XRD),
Fourier
Transform
Infrared
Spectroscopy
(FT-IR),
Scanning
Electron
Microscopy
(SEM),
Energy
Dispersive
(EDS)
Thermogravimetric
Analysis
(TG/DTG).
results
showed
that
contains
metal
oxides
carbonates
active
sites.
In
addition,
influence
reaction
conditions
evaluated
in
ranges
temperature
(60-120
°C),
time
(0.5-2.5
h),
MeOH
:
oil
molar
ratio
(12
1-28
1)
concentration
(2-10%
weight).
maximum
ester
content
(97.6%)
achieved
120
°C,
2
h,
20
1
8%
catalyst.
After
partial
deactivation
solid
it
regenerated
KOH,
yielding
biodiesels
over
75%
three
consecutive
cycles,
demonstrating
its
efficiency
potential
continuous
use.
Polish Maritime Research,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
30(2), P. 39 - 60
Published: June 1, 2023
Abstract
In
marine
vessel
operations,
fuel
costs
are
major
operating
which
affect
the
overall
profitability
of
maritime
transport
industry.
The
effective
enhancement
using
ship
will
increase
operation
efficiency.
Since
consumption
depends
on
different
factors,
such
as
weather,
cruising
condition,
cargo
load,
and
engine
it
is
difficult
to
assess
pattern
for
various
types
ships.
Most
traditional
statistical
methods
do
not
consider
these
factors
when
predicting
consumption.
With
technological
development,
models
have
been
developed
estimating
patterns
based
data.
Artificial
Neural
Networks
(ANN)
some
most
artificial
modelling
validating
application
ANN
in
improves
accuracy
regression
analysing
interactive
relationships
between
factors.
present
review
sheds
light
consolidating
works
carried
out
ANN,
with
an
emphasis
topics
structure,
prediction
algorithms.
Future
research
directions
also
proposed
can
be
a
benchmark
mathematical
ANN.
