An Update on Anti-COVID-19 Vaccines and the Challenges to Protect Against New SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Pathogens, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(1), P. 23 - 23

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a significant threat to global health systems, with extensive impacts across many sectors of society. been responsible for millions deaths worldwide since its first identification in late 2019. Several actions have taken prevent the disease, including unprecedented fast development and vaccination campaigns, which were pivotal reducing symptoms deaths. Given impact pandemic, continuous changes virus, present vaccine technologies, this review analyzes how, so far, we met challenge by emergence new variants discusses how next-generation pan-coronavirus vaccines, enhanced longevity breadth immune responses, may be tackled alternative administration routes antigen delivery platforms. By addressing these critical aspects, aims contribute ongoing efforts achieve long-term control COVID-19, stimulating discussion work on vaccines capable facing future waves infection.

Language: Английский

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Bacterial-induced or passively administered interferon gamma conditions the lung for early control of SARS-CoV-2

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: Dec. 12, 2023

Type-1 and type-3 interferons (IFNs) are important for control of viral replication; however, less is known about the role Type-2 IFN (IFNγ) in anti-viral immunity. We previously observed that lung infection with Mycobacterium bovis BCG achieved though intravenous (iv) administration provides strong protection against SARS-CoV-2 mice yet drives low levels type-1 IFNs but robust IFNγ. Here we examine ongoing IFNγ responses to pre-established bacterial on disease outcomes two murine models. report required iv induced reduction pulmonary loads, an outcome dependent receptor expression by non-hematopoietic cells. Importantly, show prompts epithelial cells upregulate IFN-stimulated genes reported activity IFNγ-dependent manner, suggesting a possible mechanism protection. Finally, confirm properties demonstrating recombinant cytokine itself challenge when administered intranasally. Together, our data response within protective infection, concurrent or recent infections drive may limit pathogenesis supporting prophylactic uses COVID-19 management.

Language: Английский

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Beyond Tuberculosis: The Surprising Immunological Benefits of the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) Vaccine in Infectious, Auto-Immune, and Inflammatory Diseases

Pathogens, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(2), P. 196 - 196

Published: Feb. 15, 2025

The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, best known for its role in preventing tuberculosis, has recently garnered attention broader immunomodulatory effects. By inducing trained immunity, BCG reprograms innate immune cells, enhancing their responses to various pathogens. This process, driven by epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming, suggests that may have therapeutic potential far beyond tuberculosis. Emerging evidence points benefits conditions such as autoimmune diseases, cancer, viral infections. Furthermore, modulating activity, been proposed reduce chronic inflammation promote tolerance. review delves into the multifaceted of BCG, highlighting a versatile tool managing wide range diseases.

Language: Английский

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Trained immunity-inducing vaccines: Harnessing innate memory for vaccine design and delivery

Clinical Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 261, P. 109930 - 109930

Published: Feb. 9, 2024

While the efficacy of many current vaccines is well-established, various factors can diminish their effectiveness, particularly in vulnerable groups. Amidst emerging pandemic threats, enhancing vaccine responses critical. Our review synthesizes insights from immunology and epidemiology, focusing on concept trained immunity (TRIM) non-specific effects (NSEs) that confer heterologous protection. We elucidate mechanisms driving TRIM, emphasizing its regulation through metabolic epigenetic reprogramming innate immune cells. Notably, we explore extended protective scope like BCG COVID-19 against unrelated infections, underscoring role reducing neonatal mortality combating diseases malaria yellow fever. also highlight novel strategies to boost efficacy, incorporating TRIM inducers into formulations enhance both specific responses. This approach promises significant advancements development, aiming improve global public health outcomes, especially for elderly immunocompromised populations.

Language: Английский

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Advances in understanding immune homeostasis in latent tuberculosis infection

WIREs Mechanisms of Disease, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(4)

Published: Feb. 13, 2024

Abstract Nearly one‐fourth of the global population is infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ), and approximately 90%–95% remain asymptomatic as latent infection (LTBI), an estimated 5%–10% those with infections will eventually progress to active (ATB). Although it widely accepted that LTBI transitioning ATB results from a disruption host immune balance weakening protective responses, exact underlying immunological mechanisms promote this conversion are not well characterized. Thus, difficult accurately predict (TB) progression in advance, leaving significant threat TB prevention control. This article systematically explores three aspects related immunoregulatory translational research about LTBI: (1) distinct immunocytological characteristics ATB, (2) diagnostic markers discovery anti‐TB immunity metabolic pathways, (3) vaccine development focus on LTBI. categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Molecular Cellular Physiology Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Immune System

Language: Английский

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Deconvoluting the interplay of innate and adaptive immunity in BCG-induced nonspecific and TB-specific host resistance

The Journal of Experimental Medicine, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 222(4)

Published: Feb. 28, 2025

BCG is the oldest vaccine in continuous use. While current intradermal vaccination regimens confer limited protection outside context of pediatric extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB), promising new data indicate that when administered mucosally or intravenously at a higher dose, can induce sterilizing immunity against pulmonary TB nonhuman primates. also known to promote nonspecific host resistance variety unrelated infections and standard immunotherapy for bladder cancer, suggesting this innate immune function may contribute its protective role TB. Here, we propose both mycobacterial-specific off-target effects depend on interplay adaptive cells cytokines they produce, elucidation interaction should be major strategy development more effective BCG-based vaccines immunotherapies.

Language: Английский

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Circulating foamy macrophages and other features of bacillus Calmette-Guérin challenge in Golden Syrian hamsters

Vaccine, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 55, P. 127037 - 127037

Published: March 21, 2025

Golden Syrian Hamsters are utilized as rodent research models for various bacterial diseases. They highly susceptible to leptospirosis, making hamsters the most common model testing and maintaining virulence of laboratory Leptospira strains well bacterin vaccine efficiency testing. also used modeling features Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) tuberculosis, they consistently develop granulomas, differing from other BCG animal models. Circulating foamy macrophages have recently been identified in blood following challenge but not controls. It has unknown whether this phenomenon is specific Leptospira/hamster interactions, or will produce circulating response infections. In study, we established that when challenged intraperitoneally with Leptospira. addition macrophages, infected had widespread granuloma formation major organs injection sites which contained resident mineralized bodies, sometimes containing acid fast bacteria.

Language: Английский

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The impact of trained immunity in respiratory viral infections

Reviews in Medical Virology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 34(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Abstract Epidemic peaks of respiratory viruses that co‐circulate during the winter‐spring seasons can be synchronous or asynchronous. The occurrence temporal patterns in epidemics caused by some suggests they could negatively interact with each other. These negative interactions may result from a programme innate immune memory, known as trained immunity, which confer broad protective effects against viruses. It is suggested stimulation cells vaccine pathogen induce their long‐term functional reprogramming through an interplay between metabolic and epigenetic changes, influence transcriptional response to secondary challenge. During coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, circulation most was prevented non‐pharmacological interventions then resumed at unusual periods once sanitary measures were lifted. With time, should find again own ecological niches. This transition period provides opportunity study population level.

Language: Английский

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Diverse interactions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and of BCG vaccination with SARS-CoV-2

Frontiers in Tuberculosis, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 2

Published: April 23, 2024

The COVID pandemic and tuberculosis (TB) endemicity is double trouble to much of the world. SARS-CoV-2 Mycobacterium (Mtb), causative agents TB, respectively, are both infectious respiratory pathogens involving close communities individuals. Both can cause lung disease, unbalanced inflammatory cell immune responses that lead a syndemic impact. Moreover, dual infection common in certain settings. In low- middle- income countries, most individuals with or COVID-19, fact, will have been exposed infected Mtb some develop active TB. Here we review literature examining diverse interactions M. BCG vaccination SARS-CoV-2. We discuss areas which contradictory results published conclude there still several unresolved issues warrant further study on co-pathogenesis BCG- mediated heterologous protection against COVID-19.

Language: Английский

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Neuropathological lesions in intravenous BCG-stimulated K18-hACE2 mice challenged with SARS-CoV-2

Veterinary Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 55(1)

Published: May 31, 2024

Abstract In the wake of COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, questions emerged about potential effects Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine on immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, including neurodegenerative diseases it may contribute to. To explore this, an experimental study was carried out in BCG-stimulated and non-stimulated k18-hACE2 mice challenged with SARS-CoV-2. Viral loads tissues determined RT-qPCR, histopathology brain lungs, immunohistochemical (IHC) as well mortality rates, clinical signs plasma inflammatory coagulation biomarkers were assessed. Our results showed BCG-SARS-CoV-2 presented higher viral increased frequency neuroinvasion, greatest differences observed between groups at 3–4 days post-infection (dpi). Histopathological examination a severity lesions mice, mainly consisting neuroinflammation, glial cell population neuronal degeneration, from 5 dpi onwards. This group also interstitial pneumonia vascular thrombosis lungs (3–4 dpi), values for TNF-α D-dimer values, while iNOS dpi. Results this indicate that BCG stimulation could have intensified promoting virus neuroinvasion dissemination model. Although show hACE2 expression neurodissemination, suggests that, although benefits enhancing heterologous protection against pathogens tumour cells been broadly demonstrated, adverse outcomes due non-specific should be considered.

Language: Английский

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