Control of Immunity by the Microbiota

Annual Review of Immunology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 39(1), P. 449 - 479

Published: April 26, 2021

The immune system has coevolved with extensive microbial communities living on barrier sites that are collectively known as the microbiota. It is increasingly clear antigens and metabolites engage in a constant dialogue system, leading to microbiota-specific responses occur absence of inflammation. This form homeostatic immunity encompasses many arms immunity, including B cell responses, innate-like T cells, conventional helper regulatory responses. In this review we summarize examples adaptive microbiota, focusing fundamental aspects commensal recognition across different sites. Furthermore, explore how cross talk established during development, emphasizing critical temporal windows establish long-term function. Finally, highlight dysregulation microbiota can lead inflammation disease, pinpoint outstanding questions controversies regarding system–microbiota interactions.

Language: Английский

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The Immature Gut Barrier and Its Importance in Establishing Immunity in Newborn Mammals

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: June 9, 2020

The gut is an efficient barrier to protect against invasion of pathogenic microorganisms and potential harmful macromolecules, in addition its primary function digestion nutrient absorption. Contrary the restricted passage adulthood, enhanced macromolecular transfer takes place over immature intestine early life. This due a high endocytic capacity intestinal epithelial cells during foetal and/or neonatal periods. timing extent transepithelial dependent on animal species, with prominent non-selective newborn ungulates, e.g., pigs, first days life, selective mainly immunoglobulin G (IgG) mediated by FcRn receptor suckling rodents, rats mice. In primates, maternal IgG transferred already life placenta, while largely human neonates, albeit higher than adult. review will focus developmental processes epithelium perinatal period having effects possible impact such establishment immunity young. provides passive immune protection antibodies from experienced mother possibly has beneficial extra-immune organ maturation offspring. Moreover, foetal/neonatal periods results increased microbial food antigen exposure presentation underlying system being naïve. likely affects shifts response towards tolerance induction instead sensitization or inflammation, as usually seen adulthood. Ingestion mother's milk dietary transition complex at weaning, well transient changes microbiota period, are also involved resulting response. Any disturbances balance these parallel processes, i.e., maturation, mucosal luminal colonization to, preterm birth, infection, antibiotic use might affect outcome infant.

Language: Английский

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Maternal Microbiota, Early Life Colonization and Breast Milk Drive Immune Development in the Newborn

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: May 13, 2021

The innate immune system is the oldest protection strategy that conserved across all organisms. Although having an unspecific action, it first and fastest defense mechanism against pathogens. Development of predominantly adaptive takes place after birth. However, some key components evolve during prenatal period life, which endows newborn with ability to mount response pathogenic invaders directly Undoubtedly, crosstalk between maternal cells, antibodies, dietary antigens, microbial metabolites originating from microbiota are players in preparing neonate's immunity outer world. Birth represents biggest substantial environmental change where leaves protective amniotic sac exposed for time a countless variety microbes. Colonization body surfaces commences, including skin, lung, gastrointestinal tract, leading establishment commensal maturation system, hence lifelong health. Pregnancy, birth, consumption breast milk shape development coordination microbiota. Discrepancies these fine-tuned interactions each developmental stage can have long-term effects on disease susceptibility, such as metabolic syndrome, childhood asthma, or autoimmune type 1 diabetes. In this review, we will give overview recent studies by discussing multifaceted emergence line importance early life exposure intake.

Language: Английский

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Human Breast Milk: From Food to Active Immune Response With Disease Protection in Infants and Mothers

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: April 5, 2022

Breastfeeding is associated with long-term wellbeing including low risks of infectious diseases and non-communicable such as asthma, cancer, autoimmune obesity during childhood. In recent years, important advances have been made in understanding the human breast milk (HBM) composition. Breast components as, non-immune immune cells bioactive molecules, namely, cytokines/chemokines, lipids, hormones, enzymes reportedly play many roles breastfed newborns mothers, by protection shaping system newborn. Bioactive HBM are also involved tolerance appropriate inflammatory response infants if necessary. This review summarizes current literature on relationship between mother her infant through regard to disease protection. We will shed some light mechanisms underlying maintenance health both child mother.

Language: Английский

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Comparing early life nutritional sources and human milk feeding practices: personalized and dynamic nutrition supports infant gut microbiome development and immune system maturation

Gut Microbes, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: April 13, 2023

Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first six months of life, but many infants receive pumped milk, formula, donor human or other nutritional sources during this critical period. Substantive evidence shows early nutrition influences development microbiome and immune system, affecting lifelong health. However, underlying mechanisms are unclear nuances milk feeding rarely considered. This review synthesizes from studies model systems to discuss impact different on co-development gut microbiome, antigen tolerance, immunity. We highlight two key mechanisms: epigenetics so-called "weaning reaction". Collectively, highlights i) fundamental role parents' own fed directly at breast, as a dynamic personalized source that drives developmental programming, ii) deficiencies alternative priority research areas improving these alternatives when direct not possible.

Language: Английский

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Understanding respiratory microbiome–immune system interactions in health and disease

Science Translational Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(678)

Published: Jan. 11, 2023

Interactions between the developing microbiome and maturing immune system in early life are critical for establishment of a homeostasis beneficial to both host commensals. The lung harbors diverse community microbes associated with health local or systemic disease. We discuss how colonization changes correlate development disease throughout infancy, childhood, adult life. highlight key advances microbiology, immunology, computational biology that allow investigation functional relevance interactions respiratory system, which may unlock potential microbiome-based therapeutics.

Language: Английский

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Mammary intraepithelial lymphocytes promote lactogenesis and offspring fitness

Cell, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Breastfeeding Contributes to Physiological Immune Programming in the Newborn

Frontiers in Pediatrics, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Oct. 21, 2021

The first 1,000 days in the life of a human being are vulnerable stage where early stimuli may program adverse health outcomes future life. Proper maternal nutrition before and during pregnancy modulates development fetus, physiological process known as fetal programming. Defective programming promotes non-communicable chronic diseases newborn which might be prevented by postnatal interventions such breastfeeding. Breast milk provides distinct bioactive molecules that contribute to immune maturation, organ development, healthy microbial gut colonization, also secures proper immunological response protects against infection inflammation newborn. microbiome most critical stimulation life, allowing well-trained system efficient metabolic settings subjects. Conversely, negative exposing mothers diets rich fat sugar has profound effects on breast composition alters profiles At this new stage, newborns become compromise, favoring susceptibility defective colonization response. This review will focus importance breastfeeding its biocomponents allow We highlight breastfeeding, window opportunity secure effective

Language: Английский

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Vaccination strategies to enhance immunity in neonates

Science, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 368(6491), P. 612 - 615

Published: May 7, 2020

Neonates are particularly susceptible to infection. This vulnerability occurs despite their responsiveness most vaccines. However, current vaccines do not target the pathogens responsible for of severe neonatal infections, and time it takes induce protective pathogen-specific immunity after vaccination limits protection in first days weeks life. Alternative strategies include using broadly stimulate a pathogen-agnostic fashion or vaccinating women during pregnancy antibodies that vertically transferred offspring within window vulnerability. Protection may be further improved by integrating these approaches, namely neonate under cover maternal immunity. The rationale knowledge gaps related each alternatives discussed.

Language: Английский

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Lactation-associated macrophages exist in murine mammary tissue and human milk

Nature Immunology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(7), P. 1098 - 1109

Published: June 19, 2023

Abstract Macrophages are involved in immune defense, organogenesis and tissue homeostasis. contribute to the different phases of mammary gland remodeling during development, pregnancy involution postlactation. Less is known about dynamics macrophages lactation stage. Here, we describe a macrophage population present mice. By multiparameter flow cytometry single-cell RNA sequencing, identified lactation-induced CD11c + CX3CR1 Dectin-1 (liMac) that was distinct from two resident F4/80 hi lo subsets pregestationally. LiMacs were predominantly monocyte-derived expanded by proliferation situ concomitant with nursing. developed independently IL-34, but required CSF-1 signaling partly microbiota-dependent. Locally, they resided adjacent basal cells alveoli extravasated into milk. We found several human milk resembled liMacs. Collectively, these findings reveal emergence unique lactation.

Language: Английский

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