International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
21(24), P. 9626 - 9626
Published: Dec. 17, 2020
A
high
prevalence
of
vitamin
D
(calcidiol)
serum
deficiency
has
been
described
in
several
autoimmune
diseases,
including
multiple
sclerosis
(MS),
rheumatoid
arthritis
(AR),
and
systemic
lupus
erythematosus
(SLE).
Vitamin
is
a
potent
immunonutrient
that
through
its
main
metabolite
calcitriol,
regulates
the
immunomodulation
macrophages,
dendritic
cells,
T
B
lymphocytes,
which
express
receptor
(VDR),
they
produce
respond
to
calcitriol.
Genetic
association
studies
have
shown
up
65%
variance
may
be
explained
due
genetic
background.
The
90%
variability
takes
place
form
single
nucleotide
polymorphisms
(SNPs),
SNPs
genes
related
metabolism
linked
influence
calcidiol
levels,
such
as
binding
protein
(VDBP;
rs2282679
GC),
25-hydroxylase
(rs10751657
CYP2R1),
1α-hydroxylase
(rs10877012,
CYP27B1)
(FokI
(rs2228570),
BsmI
(rs1544410),
ApaI
(rs7975232),
TaqI
(rs731236)
VDR).
Therefore,
aim
this
comprehensive
literature
review
was
discuss
current
findings
functional
GC,
CYP2R1,
CYP27B1,
VDR
associated
risk,
most
common
clinical
features
MS,
RA,
SLE.
Expert Opinion on Drug Safety,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
16(3), P. 411 - 419
Published: Dec. 8, 2016
Hydroxychloroquine
(HCQ)
is
an
alkalinizing
lysosomatropic
drug
that
accumulates
in
lysosomes
where
it
inhibits
some
important
functions
by
increasing
the
pH.
HCQ
has
proved
to
be
effective
a
number
of
autoimmune
diseases
including
systemic
lupus
erythematosus
(SLE).
Areas
covered:
In
this
review
mechanisms
action,
efficacy,
and
safety
management
patients
with
SLE
have
been
reviewed.
may
reduce
risk
flares,
allow
reduction
dosage
steroids,
organ
damage,
prevent
thrombotic
effects
anti-phospholipid
antibodies.
The
generally
safe
prescribed
pregnant
women.
However,
cautions
are
needed
retinopathy,
rare
but
serious
complication
prolonged
use
HCQ.
Expert
opinion:
offer
several
advantages
not
only
mild
can
also
exert
beneficial
involvement
low
cost
few
side
effects.
These
characteristics
should
encourage
larger
HCQ,
involvement.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
11
Published: Jan. 7, 2021
Epstein-Barr
Virus
(EBV)
is
an
extremely
successful
human
herpes
virus,
which
infects
essentially
all
beings
at
some
time
during
their
life
span.
EBV
infection
and
the
associated
immune
response
results
in
production
of
antibodies
(seroconversion),
occurs
mainly
first
years
life,
but
may
also
happen
adolescence
or
later
life.
Infection
adolescents
can
result
infectious
mononucleosis,
acute
serious
condition
characterized
by
massive
lymphocytosis.
Transmission
through
saliva
rarely
be
spread
semen
blood,
e.g.
organ
transplantations
blood
transfusions.
transmission
oral
secretions
epithelial
cells
oropharynx.
From
infect
B
cells,
are
major
reservoir
for
other
cell
types
become
infected.
As
a
result,
shuttle
between
different
types,
cells.
Moreover,
since
virus
switch
latent
lytic
cycle,
has
ability
to
cause
chronic
relapsing/reactivating
infections.
Chronic
recurrent
been
linked
systemic
lupus
erythematosus
Sjögren's
syndrome,
whereas
chronic/recurrent
with
rheumatoid
arthritis,
multiple
sclerosis
diseases.
Accordingly,
autoimmune
diseases
often
occur
as
overlapping
syndromes
symptoms
characteristic
autoantibodies
(e.g.
antinuclear
factors)
reflecting
and/or
infection.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
20(23), P. 5856 - 5856
Published: Nov. 22, 2019
Several
allergic
and
immunologic
diseases
including
asthma,
food
allergy
(FA),
chronic
spontaneous
urticaria
(CSU),
atopic
dermatitis
(AD),
systemic
lupus
erythematosus
(SLE),
sclerosis
(SSc),
rheumatoid
arthritis
(RA),
Behçet’s
disease
(BD)
are
characterized
by
the
involvement
of
Th2
immunity.
mediators
lead
to
immunoglobulin
(Ig)E
production,
thus
key
cytokines
such
as
interleukin
(IL)-4,
IL-5,
IL-13.
Among
them,
IL-31
IL-33
have
been
recently
studied
novel
biomarkers
future
therapeutic
targets
for
immunological
disorders.
is
a
proinflammatory
cytokine—it
regulates
cell
proliferation
involved
in
tissue
remodeling.
IL-33,
acting
through
its
receptor
suppression
tumorigenity
(ST2L),
an
alarmin
cytokine
from
IL-1
family,
whose
expression
mediated
damage.
The
latter
has
pleiotropic
effect,
it
may
modulate
specific
innate
immune
cells
functions.
To
date,
several
researchers
investigated
immune-mediated
diseases.
Further
studies
needed
understand
applications
these
molecules
agents.
This
paper
aims
give
readers
complete
updated
review
among
most
common
autoimmune
Targeted
sequencing
of
sixteen
SLE
risk
loci
among
1349
Caucasian
cases
and
controls
produced
a
comprehensive
dataset
the
variations
causing
susceptibility
to
systemic
lupus
erythematosus
(SLE).
Two
independent
disease
association
signals
in
HLA-D
region
identified
two
regulatory
regions
containing
3562
polymorphisms
that
modified
thirty-seven
transcription
factor
binding
sites.
These
extensive
functional
are
new
potent
facet
HLA
polymorphism.
Variations
modifying
consensus
motifs
IRF4
CTCF
XL9
complex
HLA-DRB1,
HLA-DQA1
HLA-DQB1
chromosome-specific
manner,
resulting
2.5-fold
increase
surface
expression
HLA-DR
DQ
molecules
on
dendritic
cells
with
genotypes,
which
increases
over
4-fold
after
stimulation.
Similar
analyses
fifteen
other
1206
variants
tightly
linked
disease-associated
SNPs
demonstrated
common
alleles
contain
multiple
causal
modulating
immune
system
genes.
