Frontiers in Ophthalmology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
4
Published: July 19, 2024
Human
visual
function
depends
on
the
biological
lens,
a
biconvex
optical
element
formed
by
coordinated,
synchronous
generation
of
growth
shells
produced
from
ordered
cells
at
lens
equator,
distal
edge
epithelium.
Growth
are
comprised
straight
(St)
and
S-shaped
(SSh)
fibers
organized
in
highly
symmetric,
sinusoidal
pattern
which
optimizes
both
refractile,
transparent
structure
unique
microcirculation
that
regulates
hydration
nutrition
over
lifetime
an
individual.
The
fiber
characterized
diversity
composition
age.
All
remain
interconnected
their
throughout
life
adult
lens.
As
element,
cellular
differentiation
is
constrained
physical
properties
light
its
special
development
accounts
for
characteristic
symmetry,
gradient
refractive
index
(GRIN),
short
range
order
(SRO),
functional
longevity.
complex
basis
required
establishment
maintenance
image
formation.
Ageing Research Reviews,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
99, P. 102407 - 102407
Published: July 6, 2024
Aging
is
the
greatest
risk
factor
for
chronic
human
diseases,
including
many
eye
diseases.
Geroscience
aims
to
understand
effects
of
aging
process
on
these
genetic,
molecular,
and
cellular
mechanisms
that
underlie
increased
disease
over
lifetime.
Understanding
increases
general
knowledge
physiology
impacted
by
processes
at
various
biological
extremes.
Two
major
age-related
cataract
macular
degeneration
(AMD)
are
caused
dysfunction
lens
retina,
respectively.
Lens
transparency
light
refraction
mediated
fiber
cells
lacking
nuclei
other
organelles,
which
provides
a
unique
opportunity
study
single
hallmark,
i.e.,
loss
proteostasis,
within
an
environment
limited
metabolism.
In
AMD,
local
photoreceptors/retinal
pigmented
epithelium/Bruch's
membrane/choriocapillaris
complex
in
macula
leads
photoreceptors
eventually
central
vision,
driven
nearly
all
hallmarks
shares
features
with
Alzheimer's
disease,
Parkinson's
cardiovascular
diabetes.
The
can
function
as
model
studying
basic
and,
vice
versa,
well-defined
be
used
tools
disease.
Radiation Research,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
200(2)
Published: July 6, 2023
For
radiation
protection
purposes,
noncancer
effects
with
a
threshold-type
dose-response
relationship
have
been
classified
as
tissue
reactions
(formerly
called
nonstochastic
or
deterministic
effects),
and
equivalent
dose
limits
aim
to
prevent
occurrence
of
such
reactions.
Accumulating
evidence
demonstrates
increased
risks
for
several
late
occurring
at
doses
rates
much
lower
than
previously
considered.
In
2011,
the
International
Commission
on
Radiological
Protection
(ICRP)
issued
statement
recommend
threshold
0.5
Gy
lens
eye
cataracts
heart
brain
diseases
circulatory
system
(DCS),
independent
rate.
Literature
published
thereafter
continues
provide
updated
knowledge.
Increased
below
reported
in
cohorts
(e.g.,
including
those
receiving
protracted
chronic
exposures).
A
is
less
evident
longer
follow-up,
limited
available
risk
cataract
removal
surgery.
There
emerging
normal-tension
glaucoma
diabetic
retinopathy,
but
long-held
tenet
that
represents
among
most
radiosensitive
tissues
body
seems
remain
unchanged.
DCS,
various
cohorts,
existence
otherwise
unclear.
The
level
uncertain
rate,
possibility
per
unit
greater
rates.
Target
organs
DCS
are
also
unknown,
may
include
heart,
large
blood
vessels
kidneys.
Identification
potential
factors
sex,
age,
lifestyle
factors,
coexposures,
comorbidities,
genetics
epigenetics)
modify
would
be
important.
Other
radar
neurological
Parkinson's
disease,
Alzheimer's
disease
dementia)
which
elevated
has
increasingly
reported.
These
tend
deviate
from
definition
reactions,
necessitating
more
scientific
developments
reconsider
effect
classification
management.
This
paper
gives
an
overview
historical
made
ICRP
prior
2011
update
relevant
since
statement.
Cell Stress and Chaperones,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
29(1), P. 51 - 65
Published: Feb. 1, 2024
The
tardigrade
Ramazzottius
varieornatus
has
remarkable
resilience
to
a
range
of
environmental
stresses.
In
this
study,
we
have
characterised
two
members
the
small
heat
shock
protein
(sHSP)
family
in
R.
varieornatus,
HSP20-3
and
HSP20-6.
These
are
most
highly
upregulated
sHSPs
response
24
h
at
35
Biomolecules,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
14(5), P. 594 - 594
Published: May 17, 2024
Cataract
disease
is
strongly
associated
with
progressively
accumulating
oxidative
damage
to
the
extremely
long-lived
crystallin
proteins
of
lens.
Cysteine
oxidation
affects
folding,
interactions,
and
light-scattering
aggregation
especially
due
formation
disulfide
bridges.
Minimizing
crucial
for
lifelong
lens
transparency,
so
one
might
expect
ubiquitous
superfamilies
(α
βγ)
contain
little
cysteine.
Yet,
Cys
content
γ-crystallins
well
above
average
human
proteins.
We
review
literature
relevant
this
longstanding
puzzle
take
advantage
expanding
genomic
databases
improved
machine
learning
tools
protein
structure
prediction
investigate
it
further.
observe
remarkably
low
conservation
in
βγ-crystallin
superfamily;
however,
γ-crystallin,
spatial
positioning
residues
clearly
fine-tuned
by
evolution.
propose
that
requirements
long-term
transparency
high
optical
power
impose
competing
evolutionary
pressures
on
βγ-crystallins,
leading
distinct
adaptations:
but
βB-crystallins.
Aquatic
species
need
more
powerful
lenses
than
terrestrial
ones,
which
explains
methionine
many
fish
γ-
(and
even
β-)
crystallins.
Finally,
we
discuss
synergies
between
sulfur-containing
aromatic
crystallins
suggest
future
experimental
directions.
Genes,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
15(6), P. 785 - 785
Published: June 14, 2024
Clouding
of
the
transparent
eye
lens,
or
cataract(s),
is
a
leading
cause
visual
impairment
that
requires
surgical
replacement
with
synthetic
intraocular
lens
to
effectively
restore
clear
vision.
Most
frequently,
cataract
acquired
aging
as
multifactorial
complex
trait.
Cataract
may
also
be
inherited
classic
Mendelian
trait—often
an
early
pediatric
onset—with
without
other
ocular
and/or
systemic
features.
Since
1990s,
over
85
genes
and
loci
have
been
genetically
associated
age-related
forms
cataract.
While
many
these
underlying
genes—including
those
for
crystallins,
connexins,
transcription
factors—recapitulate
signature
features
development
differentiation,
increasing
cohort
unpredicted
genes,
including
involved
in
cell-signaling,
membrane
remodeling,
autophagy,
has
emerged—providing
new
insights
regarding
homeostasis
aging.
This
review
provides
brief
history
gene
discovery
compiled
Cat-Map
database
highlights
potential
gene-based
therapeutic
approaches
delay,
reverse,
even
prevent
formation
help
reduce
demand
surgery.
