Association of social distancing and face mask use with risk of COVID-19

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: June 18, 2021

Abstract Given the continued burden of COVID-19 worldwide, there is a high unmet need for data on effect social distancing and face mask use to mitigate risk COVID-19. We examined association community-level measures individual with predicted in large prospective U.S. cohort study 198,077 participants. Individuals living communities greatest had 31% lower compared those poor distancing. Self-reported ‘always’ was associated 62% reduced even among individuals community These findings provide support efficacy mask-wearing settings reducing transmission. Despite mass vaccination campaigns many parts world, efforts at remain critically important spread

Language: Английский

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Face masks against COVID-19: Standards, efficacy, testing and decontamination methods

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 292, P. 102435 - 102435

Published: April 29, 2021

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 vaccination mandates and vaccine uptake

Nature Human Behaviour, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 6(12), P. 1615 - 1624

Published: June 2, 2022

Language: Английский

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Masks and respirators for prevention of respiratory infections: a state of the science review

Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 37(2)

Published: May 22, 2024

SUMMARYThis narrative review and meta-analysis summarizes a broad evidence base on the benefits-and also practicalities, disbenefits, harms personal, sociocultural environmental impacts-of masks masking. Our synthesis of from over 100 published reviews selected primary studies, including re-analyzing contested meta-analyses key clinical trials, produced seven findings. First, there is strong consistent for airborne transmission severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) other pathogens. Second, are, if correctly consistently worn, effective in reducing diseases show dose-response effect. Third, respirators are significantly more than medical or cloth masks. Fourth, mask mandates overall, community Fifth, important symbols; non-adherence to masking sometimes linked political ideological beliefs widely circulated mis- disinformation. Sixth, while much that not generally harmful general population, may be relatively contraindicated individuals with certain conditions, who require exemption. Furthermore, groups (notably D/deaf people) disadvantaged when others masked. Finally, risks environment single-use respirators. We propose an agenda future research, improved characterization situations which should recommended mandated; attention comfort acceptability; generalized disability-focused communication support settings where worn; development testing novel materials designs filtration, breathability, impact.

Language: Английский

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JUE Insight: College student travel contributed to local COVID-19 spread

Journal of Urban Economics, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 127, P. 103311 - 103311

Published: Dec. 4, 2020

Language: Английский

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Masks and Face Coverings for the Lay Public

Annals of Internal Medicine, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 174(4), P. 511 - 520

Published: Dec. 28, 2020

Whether and when to mandate the wearing of facemasks in community prevent spread coronavirus disease 2019 remains controversial. Published literature across disciplines about role masks mitigating severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission is summarized. Growing evidence that SARS-CoV-2 airborne indicates infection control interventions must go beyond contact droplet measures (such as handwashing cleaning surfaces) attend masking ventilation. Observational suggests work mainly by source (preventing infected persons from transmitting virus others), but laboratory studies mask filtration properties suggest they could also provide some protection wearers (protective effect). Even small reductions individual lead substantial population spread. To date, only 1 randomized controlled trial has examined a recommendation. This did not identify significant protective effect was designed evaluate control. Filtration comfort vary widely types. Masks may cause discomfort communication difficulties. However, there no result physiologic decompensation or risk compensation fomite are associated with wearing. The psychological effects culturally shaped; include threats autonomy, social relatedness, competence. Evidence potential benefits likely outweigh harms spreading community. mandates involve tradeoff personal freedom, so such policies should be pursued if threat mitigation cannot achieved through other means.

Language: Английский

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The introduction of a mandatory mask policy was associated with significantly reduced COVID-19 cases in a major metropolitan city

PLoS ONE, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 16(7), P. e0253510 - e0253510

Published: July 21, 2021

Background Whilst evidence of use face masks in reducing COVID-19 cases is increasing, the impact mandatory across a large population has been difficult to assess. Introduction mask on July 22, 2020 during resurgence Melbourne, Australia created situation that facilitated an assessment policy epidemic growth rate as its introduction occurred absence other changes restrictions. Methods and findings Exponential or decay rates daily diagnoses were estimated using non-weighted linear regression natural logarithm against time, spline model with one knot (lspline package R v 3.6.3). The model’s two segments pivot around hinge day, which began take effect, 8 days following policy. We used forms data assess change usage: images people wearing public places obtained from major media outlet population-based survey data. Potential confounding factors (including tests, number among subsets affected differentially by policy–e.g., healthcare workers) examined for their results. Daily fitted exponential first log-linear segment (k = +0.042, s.e. 0.007), second -0.023, 0.017) segment. Over range reported serial intervals SARS-CoV-2 infection, these correspond 22–33% reduction effective reproduction ratio before after use. Analysis spaces showed usage rose approximately 43% 97%. found third day introduction, 44% participants “often” “always” mask; fourth after, 100% doing so. No potentially associated observed rates. Conclusions substantially increased was significant decline new This study strongly supports controlling epidemics broader community.

Language: Английский

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Face masks increase compliance with physical distancing recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic

Journal of the Economic Science Association, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 7(2), P. 139 - 158

Published: Nov. 13, 2021

Abstract Governments across the world have implemented restrictive policies to slow spread of COVID-19. Recommended face mask use has been a controversially discussed policy, among others, due potential adverse effects on physical distancing. Using randomized field experiment ( N = 300), we show that individuals kept significantly larger distance from someone wearing than an unmasked person during early days pandemic. According additional survey 456) conducted at time, masked were not perceived as being more infectious ones, but they believed prefer This result suggests served social signal led others increase kept. Our findings provide evidence against claim creates false sense security would negatively affect Furthermore, our results suggest behavior informational content may be affected by policies.

Language: Английский

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Non-pharmacological measures implemented in the setting of long-term care facilities to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections and their consequences: a rapid review

Cochrane library, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 2021(9)

Published: Sept. 15, 2021

Language: Английский

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Association of Jail Decarceration and Anticontagion Policies With COVID-19 Case Growth Rates in US Counties

JAMA Network Open, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 4(9), P. e2123405 - e2123405

Published: Sept. 2, 2021

Importance

Mass incarceration is known to foster infectious disease outbreaks, amplification of diseases in surrounding communities, and exacerbation health disparities disproportionately policed communities. To date, however, policy interventions intended achieve epidemic mitigation US communities have neglected account for decarceration as a possible means protecting public safety.

Objective

evaluate the association jail government anticontagion policies with reductions spread SARS-CoV-2.

Design, Setting, Participants

This cohort study used county-level data from January November 2020 analyze COVID-19 cases, populations, panel regression model estimate growth rates. A total 1605 counties available on both population cases were included analysis. sample represents approximately 51% counties, 72% population, 60% population.

Exposures

Changes populations implementation 10 policies: nursing home visitation bans, school closures, mask mandates, prison stay-at-home orders, closure nonessential businesses, gyms, bars, movie theaters, restaurants.

Main Outcomes Measures

Daily case

Results

In this study, mean (SD) was 283.38 (657.78) individuals, 315.24 (2151.01) persons per square mile. An estimated 80% reduction achievable through noncarceral management nonviolent alleged offenses line average international rates, would been associated 2.0% (95% CI, 0.8%-3.1%) daily Jail 8 times larger rates above-median density (4.6%; 95% 2.2%- 7.1%) relative those below median (0.5%; 0.1%-0.9%). Nursing bans 7.3% 5.8%-8.9%) followed by closures (4.3%; 2.0%-6.6%), mandates (2.5%; 1.7%-3.3%), (1.2%; 0.2%-2.2%), orders (0.8%; 0.1%-1.6%).

Conclusions Relevance

Although many studies documented that high are communitywide harms, is, first show population-level benefits. Its findings suggest that, among other interventions, large-scale changes pretrial detention likely be important improving health, biosecurity, pandemic preparedness.

Language: Английский

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