International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(9), P. 4909 - 4909
Published: April 30, 2024
The
plant-derived
α-linolenic
acid
(ALA)
is
an
essential
n-3
highly
susceptible
to
oxidation,
present
in
oils
of
flaxseeds,
walnuts,
canola,
perilla,
soy,
and
chia.
After
ingestion,
it
can
be
incorporated
body
lipid
pools
(particularly
triglycerides
phospholipid
membranes),
then
endogenously
metabolized
through
desaturation,
elongation,
peroxisome
oxidation
eicosapentaenoic
(EPA)
docosahexaenoic
(DHA),
with
a
very
limited
efficiency
for
DHA),
beta-oxidized
as
energy
source,
or
directly
C18-oxilipins.
At
this
moment,
data
the
literature
about
effects
ALA
supplementation
on
metabolic
syndrome
(MetS)
humans
are
inconsistent,
indicating
no
some
positive
all
MetS
components
(abdominal
obesity,
dyslipidemia,
impaired
insulin
sensitivity
glucoregulation,
blood
pressure,
liver
steatosis).
major
seem
its
conversion
more
potent
EPA
DHA,
impact
n-3/n-6
ratio,
consecutive
formation
oxylipins
endocannabinoids,
inflammation,
sensitivity,
secretion,
well
adipocyte
hepatocytes
function.
It
important
distinguish
direct
from
DHA
metabolites.
This
review
summarizes
most
recent
findings
topic
discusses
possible
mechanisms.
Frontiers in Endocrinology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
14
Published: March 28, 2023
Insulin
resistance
(IR)
plays
a
crucial
role
in
the
development
and
progression
of
metabolism-related
diseases
such
as
diabetes,
hypertension,
tumors,
nonalcoholic
fatty
liver
disease,
provides
basis
for
common
understanding
these
chronic
diseases.
In
this
study,
we
provide
systematic
review
causes,
mechanisms,
treatments
IR.
The
pathogenesis
IR
depends
on
genetics,
obesity,
age,
drug
effects.
Mechanistically,
any
factor
leading
to
abnormalities
insulin
signaling
pathway
leads
host,
including
receptor
abnormalities,
disturbances
internal
environment
(regarding
inflammation,
hypoxia,
lipotoxicity,
immunity),
metabolic
function
organelles,
other
abnormalities.
available
therapeutic
strategies
are
mainly
exercise
dietary
habit
improvement,
chemotherapy
based
biguanides
glucagon-like
peptide-1,
traditional
Chinese
medicine
(e.g.,
herbs
acupuncture)
can
also
be
helpful.
Based
current
there
still
some
vacancies
follow
up
consider,
is
need
define
more
precise
biomarkers
different
lifestyle
interventions,
explore
natural
or
synthetic
drugs
targeting
treatment.
This
could
enable
treatment
patients
with
multiple
combined
diseases,
aim
treating
disease
holistically
reduce
healthcare
expenditures
improve
quality
life
extent.
Antioxidants,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
11(3), P. 555 - 555
Published: March 15, 2022
The
heme
oxygenase
(HO)
enzyme
system
catabolizes
to
carbon
monoxide
(CO),
ferrous
iron,
and
biliverdin-IXα
(BV),
which
is
reduced
bilirubin-IXα
(BR)
by
biliverdin
reductase
(BVR).
HO
activity
represented
two
distinct
isozymes,
the
inducible
form,
HO-1,
a
constitutive
HO-2,
encoded
genes
(HMOX1,
HMOX2,
respectively).
HO-1
responds
transcriptional
activation
in
response
wide
variety
of
chemical
physical
stimuli,
including
its
natural
substrate
heme,
oxidants,
phytochemical
antioxidants.
expression
regulated
NF-E2-related
factor-2
counter-regulated
Bach-1,
heme-sensitive
manner.
Additionally,
HMOX1
promoter
polymorphisms
have
been
associated
with
human
disease.
induction
can
confer
protection
inflammatory
conditions
through
removal
pro-oxidant
potential
catalyst
lipid
peroxidation,
whereas
iron
released
from
may
trigger
ferritin
synthesis
or
ferroptosis.
production
heme-derived
reaction
products
(i.e.,
BV,
BR)
contribute
HO-dependent
cytoprotection
via
antioxidant
immunomodulatory
effects.
BVR
BR
newly
recognized
roles
regulation.
CO
alter
mitochondrial
function
leading
modulation
downstream
signaling
pathways
that
culminate
anti-apoptotic,
anti-inflammatory,
anti-proliferative
This
review
will
present
evidence
for
beneficial
effects
diseases,
cardiovascular
disease
(CVD),
metabolic
conditions,
diabetes
obesity,
as
well
acute
chronic
diseases
liver,
kidney,
lung.
Strategies
targeting
pathway,
genetic
expression,
application
BR,
gas,
donor
compounds
show
therapeutic
organ
ischemia/reperfusion
injury.
Evidence
studies
indicate
represent
biomarker
oxidative
stress
various
clinical
while
increases
serum
levels
correlated
inversely
risk
CVD
Ongoing
trials
investigate
Hypertension,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
79(7), P. 1319 - 1326
Published: June 8, 2022
The
prevalence
of
nonalcoholic
fatty
liver
disease
(NAFLD)
is
rising.
NAFLD/nonalcoholic
steatohepatitis
(NASH)
associated
not
only
with
hepatic
morbidity
and
mortality
but
also
an
increased
cardiovascular
risk.
NAFLD
(CVD)
share
several
risk
factors,
such
as
obesity,
metabolic
syndrome,
hypertension,
dyslipidemia,
type
2
diabetes,
chronic
kidney
disease.
This
review
summarizes
the
evidence
linking
cardiometabolic
factors
in
context
for
CVD.
cause
NAFLD/NASH
complex,
involving
a
range
from
genetics
to
lifestyle
energy
balance.
Genetically
driven
high
fat
content
does
appear
be
causally
CVD
In
contrast,
dysfunction
predisposes
pathology
leads
significantly
higher
Given
that
pathophysiology
influenced
by
multiple
each
patient
unique
their
developing
pathology.
At
same
time,
rising
burden
closely
linked
global
increase
disorders,
including
obesity
diabetes.
Therefore,
both
personalized
therapeutic
approaches
recognize
individual
pathophysiology,
well
public
health
policies
address
root
causes
may
needed
effectively
epidemic.
BMJ,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown, P. e076388 - e076388
Published: Feb. 13, 2024
Abstract
Objective
To
investigate
the
risk
of
non-alcoholic
fatty
liver
disease
(NAFLD)
for
cardiovascular
and
all
cause
death
in
patients
with
type
2
diabetes
mellitus
(T2DM).
Design
Nationwide
population
based
study.
Setting
Longitudinal
cohort
study
Korea.
Participants
7
796
763
participants
National
Health
Screening
Programme
2009
were
divided
into
three
groups
on
NAFLD
status:
no
(fatty
index<30);
grade
1
(30≤fatty
index<60);
index≥60).
Median
follow-up
was
8.13
years.
Main
outcome
measures
The
primary
incident
(myocardial
infarction,
ischaemic
stroke)
or
death.
Results
Of
participants,
6.49%
(n=505
763)
had
T2DM.
More
T2DM
(34.06%)
(26.73%)
than
those
without
(grade
NAFLD:
21.20%;
10.02%).
incidence
rate
(per
1000
person
years)
increased
order
NAFLD,
rates
higher
five
year
absolute
(no
T2DM:
1.03,
95%
confidence
interval
1.02
to
1.04,
1.25,
1.24
1.26,
respectively;
1.23,
1.22
1.50,
1.48
1.51,
1.42,
1.40
1.45,
2.09,
2.06
2.12,
3.34,
3.27
3.41,
3.68,
3.61
3.74,
3.94,
3.87
4.02,
4.25,
4.18
4.33,
4.66,
4.54
4.78,
5.91,
5.78
6.05,
respectively).
Patients
a
NAFLD.
Risk
differences
between
Conclusions
seems
be
associated
death,
even
mild
group
Pharmacological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
76(3), P. 454 - 499
Published: Jan. 30, 2024
Steatotic
liver
disease
(SLD)
displays
a
dynamic
and
complex
phenotype.
Consequently,
the
metabolic
dysfunction-associated
steatotic
(MASLD)/metabolic
steatohepatitis
(MASH)
therapeutic
pipeline
is
expanding
rapidly
in
multiple
directions.
In
parallel,
non-invasive
tools
for
diagnosing
monitoring
responses
to
interventions
are
being
studied,
clinically
feasible
findings
explored
as
primary
outcomes
interventional
trials.
The
realization
that
distinct
subgroups
exist
under
umbrella
of
SLD
should
guide
more
precise
personalized
treatment
recommendations
facilitate
advancements
pharmacotherapeutics.
This
review
summarizes
recent
updates
pathophysiology-based
nomenclature
outlines
both
effective
pharmacotherapeutics
those
MASLD/MASH,
detailing
their
mode
action
current
status
phase
2
3
clinical
Of
extensive
arsenal
MASLD/MASH
pipeline,
several
have
been
rejected,
whereas
other,
mainly
monotherapy
options,
shown
only
marginal
benefits
now
tested
part
combination
therapies,
yet
others
still
development
monotherapies.
Although
successful
drug
candidate
(or
combinations)
remains
elusive,
such
approaches
will
ideally
target
MASH
fibrosis
while
improving
cardiometabolic
risk
factors.
Due
urgent
need
novel
strategies
potential
availability
safety
tolerability
data,
repurposing
existing
approved
drugs
an
appealing
option.
Finally,
it
essential
highlight
and,
by
extension,
MASLD
be
recognized
approached
systemic
affecting
organs,
with
vigorous
implementation
interdisciplinary
coordinated
plans.
Significance
Statement
SLD,
including,
among
others,
MASH,
considered
most
prevalent
chronic
condition
than
one-fourth
global
population.
aims
provide
information
regarding
pathophysiology,
diagnosis,
management
line
guidelines
Collectively,
hoped
provided
furthers
understanding
state
direct
implications
stimulates
additional
research
initiatives.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(4), P. 2251 - 2251
Published: Feb. 13, 2024
This
review
focuses
on
the
question
of
metabolic
syndrome
(MS)
being
a
complex,
but
essentially
monophyletic,
galaxy
associated
diseases/disorders,
or
just
related
rather
independent
pathologies.
The
human
nature
MS
(its
exceptionality
in
Nature
and
its
close
interdependence
with
action
evolution)
is
presented
discussed.
text
also
describes
components,
special
emphasis
description
their
interrelations
(including
syndromic
development
recruitment),
as
well
consequences
upon
energy
handling
partition.
main
theories
MS’s
origin
are
relation
to
hepatic
steatosis,
type
2
diabetes,
obesity,
encompass
most
components
described
so
far.
differential
effects
sex
biological
considered
under
light
social
needs
evolution,
which
directly
epidemiology,
severity,
relations
senescence.
triggering
maintenance
factors
discussed,
especial
inflammation,
complex
process
affecting
different
levels
organization
critical
element
for
development.
Inflammation
operation
connective
tissue
adipose
organ)
widely
studied
acknowledged
influence
diet.
role
diet
composition,
including
transcendence
anaplerotic
Krebs
cycle
from
dietary
amino
acid
supply
(and
timing),
developed
context
testosterone
β-estradiol
control
insulin-glycaemia
core
system
carbohydrate-triacylglycerol
handling.
high
probability
acting
unique
(essentially
monophyletic)
presented,
together
additional
perspectives/considerations
treatment
this
‘very’
disease.
