Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors

Viruses, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(1), P. 175 - 175

Published: Jan. 7, 2023

The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease death. Understanding the risk factors is relevant both in setting at epidemiological level. Here, we provide an overview host, viral environmental that have been shown or (in some cases) hypothesized be associated with outcomes. considered detail include age frailty, genetic polymorphisms, biological sex (and pregnancy), co- superinfections, non-communicable comorbidities, immunological history, microbiota, lifestyle patient; variation infecting dose; socioeconomic factors; air pollution. For each category, compile (sometimes conflicting) evidence for association factor outcomes (including strength effect) outline possible action mechanisms. We also discuss complex interactions between various factors.

Language: Английский

---

Dysbiosis of Oral and Gut Microbiomes in SARS-CoV-2 Infected Patients in Bangladesh: Elucidating the Role of Opportunistic Gut Microbes

Frontiers in Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Feb. 14, 2022

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus. The microbes inhabiting the oral cavity and gut might play crucial roles in maintaining a favorable environment, their relationship with infection susceptibility severity yet to be fully explored. This study investigates diversity species richness of microbiota patients COVID-19, possible implications toward patient's illness clinical outcomes. Seventy-four (n = 74) samples (gut oral) were collected from 22 hospitalized COVID-19 various conditions 15 apparently healthy people (served as controls). amplicon-based metagenomic sequencing yielded 1,866,306 paired-end reads that mapped 21 phyla 231 classified genera bacteria. Alpha beta analyses revealed distinct dysbiosis microbial communities compared controls. We report significantly reduced evenness microbiomes despite showing higher unique operational taxonomic units gut. included 46 opportunistic bacterial genera. Escherichia, Shigella, Bacteroides detected signature diarrhea, whereas relatively abundance Streptococcus was found having breathing difficulties sore throat (BDST). had lower Prevotella cavity, controls without diabetes, respectively. altered metabolic pathways, including reduction biosynthesis capabilities consortia after infection, also observed. present may, therefore, shed light on interactions resilient which contribute developing microbiome-based diagnostics therapeutics for this deadly pandemic disease.

Language: Английский

---

The Effects of Propolis on Viral Respiratory Diseases

Molecules, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 28(1), P. 359 - 359

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Propolis remains an interesting source of natural chemical compounds that show, among others, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. Due to the growing incidence respiratory tract infections caused by various pathogenic viruses, complementary methods prevention therapy supporting pharmacotherapy are constantly being sought out. The properties propolis may be important in treatment diseases viruses such as severe acute syndrome coronavirus 2, influenza parainfluenza virus rhinoviruses. One main challenges recent years has been 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing COVID-19. Recently, increasing number studies focusing on activity preparations against SARS-CoV-2 adjuvant for this infection. shown a few key mechanisms anti-SARS-CoV-2 action as: inhibition interaction S1 spike protein ACE-2 protein; decreasing replication diminishing synthesis RNA transcripts cells; particles coronaviruses. anti-viral effect is observed not only with extracts but also single biologically active found (e.g., apigenin, caffeic acid, chrysin, kaempferol, quercetin). Moreover, effective hyperglycemia, which increases risk infections. aim literature review was summarize from PubMed database evaluating antiviral terms (in vitro, vivo, clinical trials). Based upon review, it have focused mainly assessment effectiveness its components exerts wide-spectrum antimicrobial activities; thus, can option co-infections associated tract.

Language: Английский

---

SARS-CoV-2 infection reduces human nasopharyngeal commensal microbiome with inclusion of pathobionts

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: Dec. 15, 2021

Abstract The microbiota of the nasopharyngeal tract (NT) play a role in host immunity against respiratory infectious diseases. However, scant information is available on interactions SARS-CoV-2 with microbiome. This study characterizes effects infection human microbiomes and their relevant metabolic functions. Twenty-two (n = 22) swab samples (including COVID-19 patients 8, recovered humans 7, healthy people 7) were collected, underwent to RNAseq-based metagenomic investigation. Our RNAseq data mapped 2281 bacterial species 1477, 919 676 healthy, metagenomes, respectively) indicating distinct microbiome dysbiosis. included 67% 77% opportunistic species, respectively compared controls. Notably, 79% commensal found controls not detected people. Similar dysbiosis was also viral archaeal fraction microbiomes. We several altered pathways functional genes progression pathophysiology COVID-19. genomic features determined by our analyses shed light early resident that might be helpful for developing microbiome-based diagnostics therapeutics this novel pandemic disease.

Language: Английский

---

Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates from COVID-19 Patients in a Hospital Intensive Care Unit: Molecular Typing and Risk Factors

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 10(4), P. 722 - 722

Published: March 28, 2022

Infections caused by Acinetobacter baumannii represent a major concern for intensive care unit (ICU) patients. However, the epidemiology of these infections among COVID-19 patients has not been fully explored. The aims this study were (i) to characterize clonal spread A. admitted ICU Umberto I hospital Rome during first year pandemic and (ii) identify risk factors its acquisition. Isolates analysed pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multivariable regression model was constructed. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) 95% confidence intervals (CIs) calculated. Overall, 193 included, 102 strains analysed. All isolates had highly antibiotic-resistant profiles derived from two genotypes. cumulative incidence acquisition (colonization or infection) 36.8%. Patients with higher mortality length stay. Multivariable analysis showed that previous carbapenem use only factor associated (aOR: 4.15, CI: 1.78-9.64). We documented substantial colonization high levels transmission. Given limited treatment options, effective prevention containment strategies limit should be implemented.

Language: Английский

---

Detection of Intestinal Dysbiosis in Post-COVID-19 Patients One to Eight Months after Acute Disease Resolution

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 19(16), P. 10189 - 10189

Published: Aug. 17, 2022

The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in the immune response against viral infections, modulating both innate and adaptive responses. cytokine storm is associated with COVID-19 severity, patient’s status influenced by a gut-lung bidirectional interaction. In this study, we evaluate of Brazilian patients different post-COVID-19 periods, correlate clinical data antibiotic therapy used during acute phase. DNA extracted from stool samples was sequenced total anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies C-reactive protein were quantified. Compared controls, there significant differences diversity patients, suggesting dysbiosis even several months after disease resolution. Additionally, detected some genera possibly dysbiosis, including Desulfovibrio, Haemophillus, Dialister, Prevotella, addition to decreased beneficial microbes, antibiotic-induced such as Bifidobacterium Akkermansia. Therefore, our hypothesis that indiscriminate use antibiotics pandemic may be manifestations. 39% (n = 58) reported symptoms, fatigue, dyspnea, myalgia, alopecia, anxiety, memory loss, depression. These suggest modulation represent target for recovery therapeutic approach sequelae.

Language: Английский

---

COVID-19 Clinical Profiles and Fatality Rates in Hospitalized Patients Reveal Case Aggravation and Selective Co-Infection by Limited Gram-Negative Bacteria

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 19(9), P. 5270 - 5270

Published: April 26, 2022

Bacterial co-infections may aggravate COVID-19 disease, and therefore being cognizant of other pathogens is imperative. We studied the types, frequency, antibiogram, case fatality rates (CFR), clinical profiles co-infecting-pathogens in 301 patients. Co-infection was 36% (n = 109), while CFR 31.2% compared to 9.9% non-co-infected patients (z-value 3.1). Four bacterial species dominated, namely, multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (37%, n 48), extremely drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (26%, 34), Eschericia. coli (18.6%, 24), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.5%, 11), addition (9.3%, 12). Increased co-infection K. A. associated with increased death 29% 14) 32% respectively. equally frequent respiratory urinary tract infections (UTI), E. mostly caused UTI (67%), P. dominated (38% 45%, respectively). Co-infections correlated advance age: seniors ≥ 50 years (71%), young adults 21-49 (25.6%), children 0-20 (3%). These findings have significant implications successful therapies, particularly geriatric management. Future studies would reveal insights into potential selective mechanism(s) Gram-negative

Language: Английский

---

From Co-Infections to Autoimmune Disease via Hyperactivated Innate Immunity: COVID-19 Autoimmune Coagulopathies, Autoimmune Myocarditis and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(3), P. 3001 - 3001

Published: Feb. 3, 2023

Neutrophilia and the production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are two many measures increased inflammation in severe COVID-19 that also accompany its autoimmune complications, including coagulopathies, myocarditis multisystem inflammatory syndrome children (MIS-C). This paper integrates currently disparate innate hyperactivation relates these to SARS-CoV-2 activation immunity. Aggregated data include Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) receptors, NOD leucine-rich repeat pyrin-domain-containing (NLRPs), retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) melanoma-differentiation-associated 5 (MDA-5). mainly activates virus-associated TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, NLRP3, RIG-1 MDA-5. Severe COVID-19, however, is characterized by additional TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, NOD1 NOD2, which primarily responsive bacterial antigens. The patterns Kawasaki disease, or MIS-C, mimic those rather than alone suggesting autoimmunity follows combined SARS-CoV-2-bacterial infections. Viral known synergize produce required support disease pathology. Additional studies demonstrate anti-bacterial antibodies account for autoantigen targets complications.

Language: Английский

---

A Comprehensive Review on the Integration of Antimicrobial Technologies onto Various Surfaces of the Built Environment

Sustainability, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(4), P. 3394 - 3394

Published: Feb. 13, 2023

With the recent surge in interest microbial prevention, this review paper looks at different antimicrobial technologies for surfaces built environment. Every year, more than 4 million people are risk of dying due to acquiring a infection. As per COVID-19 pandemic, such infections alone increase cost and burden healthcare system. Therefore, mitigating infection environment is one essential considerations our preparedness future pandemic situations. This especially important dense population within urban cities indoor environments with higher concentrations contaminants poorer ventilation. The assesses developed last two years their potential suitability implementation on building, it also suggests key when developing these keywords main search include “antimicrobial”, “coating”, “surfaces”. work found various studies describing use material surfaces. Still, thorough investigation upscaling required assess applications. widely diverse types public areas varying purpose, design, mean that there no “one-size-fits-all” solution every space. In order improve adoption consideration surfaces, industry stakeholders could benefit from in-depth long-term evaluation technologies, which demonstrate real-time impact spaces.

Language: Английский

---

Differential gene expression profiling reveals potential biomarkers and pharmacological compounds against SARS-CoV-2: Insights from machine learning and bioinformatics approaches

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Aug. 17, 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has created an urgent global situation. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in patients understand disease pathogenesis and genetic factor(s) responsible for inter-individual variability comorbidities. pandemic continues spread worldwide, despite intense efforts develop multiple vaccines therapeutic options against COVID-19. However, precise role of SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology nasopharyngeal tract (NT) still unfathomable. This study utilized machine learning approaches analyze 22 RNA-seq data from (n = 8), recovered individuals 7), healthy 7) find disease-related (DEGs). We compared dysregulated DEGs detect critical pathways gene ontology (GO) connected found 1960 153 DEG signatures controls. In patients, DEG–miRNA, DEG–transcription factors (TFs) interactions network analysis revealed that E2F1, MAX, EGR1, YY1, SRF were highly TFs, whereas hsa-miR-19b, hsa-miR-495, hsa-miR-340, hsa-miR-101, hsa-miR-19a overexpressed miRNAs. Three chemical agents (Valproic Acid, Alfatoxin B1, Cyclosporine) abundant individuals. Mental retardation, mental deficit, intellectual disability, muscle hypotonia, micrognathism, cleft palate significant diseases associated with sharing DEGs. Finally, detected mediated TFs miRNA expression indicated infection might contribute various Our results provide common between humans, which suggests some crucial insights into complex interplay progression recovery stage, offer suggestions on target identification SARS-CoV-2.

Language: Английский

---