Long COVID-19 Pathophysiology: What Do We Know So Far?

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(10), P. 2458 - 2458

Published: Sept. 30, 2023

Long COVID-19 is a recognized entity that affects millions of people worldwide. Its broad clinical symptoms include thrombotic events, brain fog, myocarditis, shortness breath, fatigue, muscle pains, and others. Due to the binding virus with ACE-2 receptors, expressed in many organs, it can potentially affect any system; however, most often cardiovascular, central nervous, respiratory, immune systems. Age, high body mass index, female sex, previous hospitalization, smoking are some its risk factors. Despite great efforts define pathophysiology, gaps remain be explained. The main mechanisms described literature involve viral persistence, hypercoagulopathy, dysregulation, autoimmunity, hyperinflammation, or combination these. exact may differ from system system, but share same pathways. This review aims describe prevalent pathophysiological pathways explaining this syndrome.

Language: Английский

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Metabolic alterations upon SARS-CoV-2 infection and potential therapeutic targets against coronavirus infection

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: June 7, 2023

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection has become a global pandemic due to the high viral transmissibility and pathogenesis, bringing enormous burden our society. Most patients infected are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms. Although only small proportion of progressed severe COVID-19 with symptoms including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), disseminated coagulopathy, cardiovascular disorders, is accompanied mortality rates near 7 million deaths. Nowadays, effective therapeutic patterns for still lacking. It been extensively reported that host metabolism plays essential roles in various physiological processes during virus infection. Many viruses manipulate avoid immunity, facilitate their own replication, initiate pathological response. Targeting interaction between holds promise developing strategies. In this review, we summarize discuss recent studies dedicated uncovering role life cycle aspects entry, assembly, pathogenesis an emphasis on glucose lipid metabolism. Microbiota long also discussed. Ultimately, recapitulate metabolism-modulating drugs repurposed statins, ASM inhibitors, NSAIDs, Montelukast, omega-3 fatty acids, 2-DG, metformin.

Language: Английский

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Robust cross-cohort gut microbiome associations with COVID-19 severity

Gut Microbes, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: Aug. 7, 2023

Although many recent studies have examined associations between the gut microbiome and COVID-19 disease severity in individual patient cohorts, questions remain on robustness across international cohorts of biomarkers they reported. Here, we performed a meta-analysis eight shotgun metagenomic patients (comprising 1,023 stool samples) 23 > 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing (16S) (2,415 total samples). We found that (as defined by WHO clinical progression scale) was associated with taxonomic functional differences. This alteration configuration peaks at days 7–30 post diagnosis, after which returns to becomes more similar healthy controls over time. Furthermore, identified core set species were consistently whose abundance can accurately predict category SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects, Actinomyces oris predicting population-level mortality rate COVID-19. Additionally, used relational diet-microbiome databases constructed from cohort microbiota-targeted diet patterns would modulate microbiota composition toward controls. Finally, demonstrated association intestinal archaeal, fungal, viral, parasitic communities. Collectively, this study has robust biomarkers, established accurate predictive models as basis for prognostic tests severity, proposed biomarker-targeted diets managing infection.

Language: Английский

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Precision nutrition to reset virus-induced human metabolic reprogramming and dysregulation (HMRD) in long-COVID

npj Science of Food, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: March 30, 2024

Language: Английский

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Gut Microbiome and Cytokine Profiles in Post-COVID Syndrome

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(5), P. 722 - 722

Published: May 2, 2024

Recent studies highlight the crucial role of gut microbiome in post-infectious complications, especially patients recovering from severe COVID-19. Our research aimed to explore connection between changes and cytokine profile with post-COVID syndrome. Using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, we analyzed composition 60 COVID-19 over course one year. We also measured levels serum cytokines chemokines using Milliplex system. results showed that SARS-CoV-2 infection cases, those complicated by pneumonia, induce a pro-inflammatory microbial milieu heightened presence Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Prevotella_9. Furthermore, found syndrome is characterized cross-correlation various MDC, IL-1b, Fractalkine, TNFa, FGF-2, EGF, IL-1RA, IFN-a2, IL-10, sCD40L, IL-8, Eotaxin, IL-12p40, MIP-1b as well shift towards profile. At functional level, our analysis revealed associations post-COVID-19 homolactic fermentation, pentose phosphate, NAD salvage, flavin biosynthesis. These findings intricate interplay microbiota, their metabolites, systemic shaping symptoms. Unraveling microbiome’s complications opens avenues for new treatments prolonged

Language: Английский

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Baseline Gut Microbiome Signatures Correlate with Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccines

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(14), P. 11703 - 11703

Published: July 20, 2023

The powerful immune responses elicited by the mRNA vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein contribute to their high efficacy. Yet, efficacy can vary greatly between individuals. For not based on mRNA, cumulative evidence suggests that differences in composition of gut microbiome, which impact vaccine immunogenicity, are some factors variations However, it is unclear if microbiome impacts novel mode immunogenicity vaccines. We conducted a prospective longitudinal cohort study individuals receiving where we measured levels anti-Spike IgG and characterized composition, at pre-vaccination (baseline), one week following first second immunizations. While found microbial diversity all timepoints correlated with final levels, only baseline did predicted function correlate immunogenicity. Specifically, phylum Desulfobacterota genus Bilophila, producers immunostimulatory LPS, positively IgG, while Bacteroides was negatively correlated. KEGG pathways relating SCFA metabolism sulfur metabolism, as well structural components such flagellin capsular polysaccharides, also levels. Consistent these findings, depleting antibiotics reduced BNT162b2 mice. These findings suggest

Language: Английский

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The contribution of gut-brain axis to development of neurological symptoms in COVID-19 recovered patients: A hypothesis and review of literature

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: Dec. 22, 2022

The gut microbiota undergoes significant alterations in response to viral infections, particularly the novel SARS-CoV-2. As impaired can trigger numerous neurological disorders, we suggest that long-term symptoms of COVID-19 may be related intestinal disorders these patients. Thus, have gathered available information on how virus affect gastrointestinal systems, both acute and recovery phase disease, described several mechanisms through which this dysbiosis lead such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic fatigue, psychiatric depression anxiety, even neurodegenerative diseases Alzheimer’s Parkinson’s disease. These mediated by inflammatory cytokines, well certain chemicals hormones (e.g., CCK), neurotransmitters 5-HT), etc. short-chain fatty acids), autonomic nervous system. In addition direct influences virus, repurposed medications used for patients also play a role dysbiosis. conclusion, although there are many dark spots our current knowledge mechanism COVID-19-related gut-brain axis disturbance, based evidence, hypothesize two phenomena more than just coincidence highly recommend large-scale epidemiologic studies future.

Language: Английский

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Long COVID and gut microbiome: insights into pathogenesis and therapeutics

Gut Microbes, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(1)

Published: Jan. 24, 2025

Post-acute coronavirus disease 2019 syndrome (PACS), following severe acute respiratory 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or (COVID-19), is typically characterized by long-term debilitating symptoms affecting multiple organs and systems. Unfortunately, there currently a lack of effective treatment strategies. Altered gut microbiome has been proposed as one the plausible mechanisms involved in pathogenesis PACS; extensive studies have emerged to bridge gap between persistent dysbiosis microbiome. Recent clinical trials indicated that modulation using probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) led improvements related PACS, including fatigue, memory loss, difficulty concentration, gastrointestinal upset, disturbances sleep mood. In this review, we highlight latest evidence on key microbial alterations observed well use microbiome-based therapeutics managing PACS symptoms. These novel findings altogether shed light other chronic conditions.

Language: Английский

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Moderate Highland Barley Intake Affects Anti-Fatigue Capacity in Mice via Metabolism, Anti-Oxidative Effects and Gut Microbiota

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(4), P. 733 - 733

Published: Feb. 19, 2025

this study aimed to explore the effects of different intake levels (20-80%) highland barley on anti-fatigue capacity ICR mice, focusing energy metabolism, metabolite accumulation, oxidative stress, and changes in gut microbiota. male mice were assigned five groups: control (normal diet) four experimental groups with supplementation at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% total dietary energy. Anti-fatigue performance was assessed by behavioral experiments (rotarod, running, exhaustive swimming tests), biochemical markers, microbiota analysis. results showed that moderate (20%) significantly enhanced exercise endurance capacity, as evidenced increased liver glycogen (134.48%), muscle (87.75%), ATP content (92.07%), Na+-K+-ATPase activity (48.39%), antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (103.31%), catalase glutathione peroxidase (81.14%). Post-exercise accumulation blood lactate, quadriceps serum urea nitrogen, stress marker malondialdehyde reduced, differences 31.52%, 21.83%, 21.72%, 33.76%, respectively. Additionally, 20% promoted growth beneficial associated effects, including unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae, g_norank_f_Peptococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae NK4A136, Colidextribacter, Turicibacter. However, when reached 60% or more, diminished, decreased activity, metabolic waste, a rise potentially harmful (Allobaculum, Desulfovibrio, norank_f_norank_o_RF39). (20% energy) enhances while excessive (≥60%) may have adverse effects.

Language: Английский

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Microbiome dysbiosis in SARS-CoV-2 infection: implication for pathophysiology and management strategies of COVID-19

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: April 22, 2025

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent disease 2019 (COVID-19), in late initiated a global health crisis marked by widespread infection, significant mortality, and long-term implications. While SARS-CoV-2 primarily targets system, recent findings indicate that it also significantly disrupts human microbiome, particularly gut microbiota, contributing to severity, systemic inflammation, immune dysregulation, increased susceptibility secondary infections chronic conditions. Dysbiosis, or microbial imbalance, exacerbates clinical outcomes COVID-19 has been linked long-COVID, condition affecting proportion survivors manifesting with over 200 symptoms across multiple organ systems. Despite growing recognition microbiome alterations COVID-19, precise mechanisms which interacts influences progression remain poorly understood. This narrative review investigates impact on host-microbiota dynamics evaluates its implications severity for developing personalized therapeutic strategies COVID-19. Furthermore, highlights dual role modulating progression, as promising target advancing diagnostic, prognostic, approaches managing

Language: Английский

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