The Computational and Neural Bases of Context-Dependent Learning

Annual Review of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 46(1), P. 233 - 258

Published: March 27, 2023

Flexible behavior requires the creation, updating, and expression of memories to depend on context. While neural underpinnings each these processes have been intensively studied, recent advances in computational modeling revealed a key challenge context-dependent learning that had largely ignored previously: Under naturalistic conditions, context is typically uncertain, necessitating contextual inference. We review theoretical approach formalizing face uncertainty core computations it requires. show how this begins organize large body disparate experimental observations, from multiple levels brain organization (including circuits, systems, behavior) regions (most prominently prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, motor cortices), into coherent framework. argue inference may also be understanding continual brain. This theory-driven perspective places as component learning.

Language: Английский

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The cerebellum regulates fear extinction through thalamo-prefrontal cortex interactions in male mice

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: March 17, 2023

Abstract Fear extinction is a form of inhibitory learning that suppresses the expression aversive memories and plays key role in recovery anxiety trauma-related disorders. Here, using male mice, we identify cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway regulating fear extinction. The cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN) projects to lateral subregion mediodorsal thalamic (MD), which reciprocally connected with dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC). inhibition FN inputs MD mice impairs animals high responses increases bursting neurons, firing pattern known prevent learning. Indeed, this followed by levels dmPFC 4 Hz oscillations causally associated during extinction, FN-MD neurons coherence bursts oscillations. Overall, these findings reveal regulation fear-related thalamo-cortical dynamics cerebellum its contribution

Language: Английский

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Renewal in human fear conditioning: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 159, P. 105606 - 105606

Published: Feb. 29, 2024

Renewal is a 'return of fear' manipulation in human fear conditioning to investigate learning processes underlying anxiety and trauma. Even though renewal paradigms are widely used, no study has compared the strength different paradigms. We conduct systematic review (N = 80) meta-analysis 23) studies assessing renewal. Our analysis shows that classic ABA design most effective paradigm, ABC ABBA designs. present evidence conducting extinction multiple contexts increasing similarity between acquisition reduce Furthermore, we show additional cues can be used as safety 'protection from extinction' cues. The alcohol weakens process older adults appear less sensitive context changes thus large variability approaches humans suggests standardisation procedures across laboratories would great benefit field.

Language: Английский

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The impact of temporal distribution on fear extinction learning

International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 25(1), P. 100536 - 100536

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Fear extinction is the foundation of exposure therapy for anxiety and phobias. However, stability memory diminishes over time, coinciding with fear recovery. To augment long-term retention, temporal distribution learning sessions critical. This study investigated effects massed spaced training (with short long intervals) on retention compared to a classic protocol. 120 healthy participants were recruited randomly divided training, 20-minutes or 3-hours intervals, control group. The group completed half number trials other groups. conditioning/extinction paradigm consisted three consecutive days acquisition, extinction, recall, followed by second recall one week later. Skin conductance response (SCR) self-rating questionnaires (ratings valence, arousal, fear) recorded analyzed using mixed model ANOVAs. results revealed that during phase, both protocols showed significantly lower SCRs group, resulting in largest effects. In only no significant difference between threat safety cues. self-report assessments indicated furthermore arousal than first recall. These suggest promote learning, but improves retention. highlights impact trial offering insights future research improving efficacy.

Language: Английский

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The cerebellum and fear extinction: evidence from rodent and human studies

Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 17

Published: April 21, 2023

The role of the cerebellum in emotional control has gained increasing interest, with studies showing it is involved fear learning and memory both humans rodents. This review will focus on contributions to extinction learned responses. Extinction fearful memories critical for adaptive behaviour, clinically relevant anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, which deficits processes are thought occur. We present evidence that supports cerebellar involvement extinction, from rodent investigate molecular mechanisms functional connectivity other brain regions known network, fMRI humans. considered relation theoretical framework formation updating internal models inner outer world by detecting errors between predicted actual outcomes. In case conditioning, these predict occurrence an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US), when US unexpectedly omitted during uses prediction update model. Differences human highlighted help inform future work.

Language: Английский

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Ultra-high field imaging of the amygdala – A narrative review

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 152, P. 105245 - 105245

Published: May 24, 2023

Language: Английский

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Mild Deficits in Fear Learning: Evidence from Humans and Mice with Cerebellar Cortical Degeneration

eNeuro, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 11(2), P. ENEURO.0365 - 23.2023

Published: Jan. 4, 2024

Functional brain imaging studies in humans suggest involvement of the cerebellum fear conditioning but do not allow conclusions about functional significance. The main aim present study was to examine whether patients with cerebellar degeneration show impaired and this is accompanied by alterations cortical activations. To end, a 2 d differential conducted 20 21 control subjects using 7 tesla (7 T) MRI system. Fear acquisition extinction training were performed on day 1, followed recall 2. Cerebellar learned differentiate between CS+ CS−. Acquisition consolidation fear, however, slowed. Additionally, learning appeared be delayed. fMRI signal reduced relation prediction aversive stimulus altered its unexpected omission. Similarly, mice (spinocerebellar ataxia type 6, SCA6) able learn association, retrieval memory reduced. In sum, led mild abnormalities responses both mice, particularly manifesting postacquisition training. Future research warranted investigate basis signals related learning.

Language: Английский

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Smaller total and subregional cerebellar volumes in posttraumatic stress disorder: a mega-analysis by the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD workgroup

Molecular Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 29(3), P. 611 - 623

Published: Jan. 10, 2024

Abstract Although the cerebellum contributes to higher-order cognitive and emotional functions relevant posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), prior research on cerebellar volume in PTSD is scant, particularly when considering subregions that differentially map motor, cognitive, affective functions. In a sample of 4215 adults (PTSD n = 1642; Control 2573) across 40 sites from ENIGMA-PGC working group, we employed new state-of-the-art deep-learning based approach for automatic parcellation obtain volumetric estimates total 28 subregions. Linear mixed effects models controlling age, gender, intracranial volume, site were used compare volumes compared healthy controls (88% trauma-exposed). was associated with significant grey white matter reductions cerebellum. Compared controls, people demonstrated smaller as well reduced primarily within posterior lobe (lobule VIIB, crus II), vermis (VI, VIII), flocculonodular X), corpus medullare (all p -FDR < 0.05). Effects consistent, generally more robust, examining symptom severity rather than diagnostic status. These findings implicate regionally specific differences pathophysiology PTSD. The appears play an important role processes, far beyond its historical association vestibulomotor function. Further examination trauma-related psychopathology will help clarify how structure function may disrupt processes at center translational

Language: Английский

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CoBeL-RL: A neuroscience-oriented simulation framework for complex behavior and learning

Frontiers in Neuroinformatics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 17

Published: March 9, 2023

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a popular paradigm for modeling animal behavior, analyzing neuronal representations, and studying their emergence during learning. This development been fueled by advances in understanding the role of RL both brain artificial intelligence. However, while machine set tools standardized benchmarks facilitate new methods comparison to existing ones, neuroscience, software infrastructure is much more fragmented. Even if sharing theoretical principles, computational studies rarely share frameworks, thereby impeding integration or different results. Machine are also difficult port neuroscience since experimental requirements usually not well aligned. To address these challenges we introduce CoBeL-RL, closed-loop simulator complex behavior based on deep neural networks. It provides neuroscience-oriented framework efficiently setting up running simulations. CoBeL-RL offers virtual environments, e.g., T-maze Morris water maze, which can be simulated at levels abstraction, simple gridworld 3D environment with visual stimuli, using intuitive GUI tools. A range algorithms, Dyna-Q Q-network provided easily extended. monitoring unit activity, allows fine-grained control simulation via interfaces relevant points its closed-loop. In summary, fills an important gap toolbox neuroscience.

Language: Английский

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Human cerebellum and ventral tegmental area interact during extinction of learned fear

Published: Jan. 31, 2025

The key elements for fear extinction learning are unexpected omissions of expected aversive events, which considered to be rewarding. Given its reception reward information, we tested the hypothesis that cerebellum contributes prediction error processing driving via connections with ventral tegmental area (VTA). Forty-three young and healthy participants performed a three-day conditioning paradigm in 7T MR scanner. VTA were active during unconditioned stimuli, particularly initial trials. Increased functional connectivity was observed between VTA, indicating could positively modulate activity, turn might facilitate dopaminergic signaling learning. These results imply an interaction should incorporated into existing model network.

Language: Английский

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