Hunger games search: Visions, conception, implementation, deep analysis, perspectives, and towards performance shifts

Expert Systems with Applications, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 177, P. 114864 - 114864

Published: March 11, 2021

Language: Английский

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Toward a Wiring Diagram Understanding of Appetite Control

Neuron, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 95(4), P. 757 - 778

Published: Aug. 1, 2017

Language: Английский

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Overlapping Brain Circuits for Homeostatic and Hedonic Feeding

Cell Metabolism, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 27(1), P. 42 - 56

Published: Nov. 5, 2017

Language: Английский

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The melanocortin pathway and control of appetite-progress and therapeutic implications

Journal of Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 241(1), P. R1 - R33

Published: Feb. 27, 2019

The initial discovery that ob/ob mice become obese because of a recessive mutation the leptin gene has been crucial to discover melanocortin pathway control appetite. In pathway, fed state is signaled by abundance circulating hormones such as and insulin, which bind receptors expressed at surface pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons promote processing POMC mature hormone α-melanocyte-stimulating (α-MSH). α-MSH released then signals decrease energy intake binding melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) MC4R paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Conversely, in 'starved state' activity agouti-related neuropeptide (AgRP) Y (NPY)-expressing increased decreased levels insulin orexigenic ghrelin food intake. This understanding recently implemented description complex neuronal circuit controls POMC, AgRP/NPY downstream signaling these neurons. review summarizes progress done on describes how obesity alters this disrupt homeostasis. We also describe signal neurons, altered expression traffic change acute desensitization properties receptor. led use agonists treat derived from genetic disorders.

Language: Английский

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Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 1457(1), P. 5 - 25

Published: March 15, 2019

Social connections are vital to survival throughout the animal kingdom and dynamic across life span. There debilitating consequences of social isolation loneliness, support is increasingly a primary consideration in health care, disease prevention, recovery. Considering connection as an "innate need," it hypothesized that evolutionarily conserved neural systems underlie maintenance connections: alerting individual their absence coordinating effector mechanisms restore contact. This reminiscent homeostatic system designed maintain connection. Here, we explore identity regulating "social homeostasis." We review findings from rodent studies evaluating rapid response deficit (in form acute isolation) propose parallel, overlapping circuits engaged adapt vulnerabilities By considering other needs, such energy fluid balance, discuss potential attributes circuitry. reason uncovering these circuits/mechanisms will facilitate our understanding how loneliness perpetuates long-term states, which speculate may result sustained recruitment circuits.

Language: Английский

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The impact of sugar consumption on stress driven, emotional and addictive behaviors

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 103, P. 178 - 199

Published: May 21, 2019

In 2016 the World Health Organization reported 39% of world's adult population (over 18 y) was overweight, with western countries such as Australia and United States America at 64.5% 67.9% respectively. Overconsumption high fat/sugar containing food beverages contribute to development obesity. Neural plasticity that occurs a result long term sugar consumption has been shown reduce impulse control therefore lower ability resist foods contributing obesity epidemic. There is significant overlap between neural pathways involved in emotions guide behavioural responses survival situations those regulating overconsumption highly palatable food. This suggests having clearer understanding role stress will lead novel therapeutic strategies. Sucrose activates mesocorticolimbic system manner synonymous substances abuse. overwhelming evidence support hypothesis sucrose results pathophysiological consequences morphological neuronal changes, altered emotional processing modified behaviour rodent human models. this comprehensive review, we examined >300 studies investigating interaction consumption, emotions. Preclinical clinical trials stress, anxiety, depression fear are reviewed. Importantly, synergy neurobiology addressed. review summarizes neurochemical changes adaptations ö including dopaminergic influence emotion following consumption.

Language: Английский

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Cognitive Control of Escape Behaviour

Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 23(4), P. 334 - 348

Published: March 6, 2019

Escape behaviours are not only simple stimulus-reactions but under cognitive control, allowing the study of processes such as decision-making and action selection in tractable organisms ethological settings. Successful escape relies on integrating multiple external internal variables, for computing flight trajectories towards shelter, implementing trade-offs by choosing between actions that satisfy competing motivations. Some neural mechanisms innate conserved across species, subject to control modification systems, including neocortex, which allow experience be flexibly incorporated into behaviour. New tools quantify behaviour while recording activity enable analysis ethologically-relevant complex environments, will advance our understanding basis natural behaviours. When faced with potential predators, animals instinctively decide whether there is a threat they should from, also when, how, where take evasive action. While often viewed classical ethology an released upon presentation specific stimuli, successful adaptive information from sensory stored knowledge, states. From neuroscience perspective, incredibly rich model provides opportunities investigating perceptual value-based decision-making, or selection, setting. We review recent research laboratory field studies explore, at behavioural mechanistic levels, how elements streams integrated generate flexible (see Glossary) instinctive defensive has evolved avoid harm predators other threats environment. Animals fail imminent suffer reduced fitness, catastrophically case death, injury, example owing ability forage food weakening social status [1Lima S.L. Dill L.M. Behavioral decisions made risk predation: prospectus.Can. J. Zool. 1990; 68: 619-640Crossref Google Scholar]. Evolution produced many different expressions reflect aspects biomechanics, nature threat, local ecology individual history, range extraordinarily [2Wilson A.M. et al.Biomechanics predator–prey arms race lion, zebra, cheetah impala.Nature. 2018; 554: 183-188Crossref PubMed Scopus (12) At one end spectrum, might fast-approaching predator moving away reflex-like actions, 'jack-knife' tail flip crayfish C-start fish [3Zottoli S.J. Faber D.S. The Mauthner cell: what it taught us?.Neuroscientist. 2000; 6: 26-38Crossref Scholar, 4Herberholz Marquart G.D. Decision making behavioral choice during avoidance.Front. Neurosci. 2012; 125Crossref (34) end, successfully escaping can require processes, using memory deciding alternative options. For example, environments need use knowledge refuge locations routes, prey pursuing pack must dynamically compute strategies [5Cooper W.E.J. Blumstein D.T. Escaping Predators: An Integrative View Decisions. Cambridge University Press, 2015Crossref 6Ellard C.G. Eller M.C. Spatial cognition gerbil: optimal routes visual threats.Anim. Cogn. 2009; 12: 333-345Crossref (9) In addition, most important components economic because foraging patch incurs loss resources account optimizing fitness long term [7Ydenberg R.C. economics fleeing predators.Adv. Study Behav. 1986; 16: 229-249Crossref (784) 8Sih A. Prey uncertainty balancing antipredator feeding needs.Am. Nat. 1992; 139: 1052-1069Crossref (0) computation therefore integrates various streams, creates flexibility necessary survive dynamic produce escapes minimize reaction time response threats, maximize success considering much possible. This extracted encounter (e.g., current state environment), derive prior expectation about outcome action), arise signals animal, hunger anxiety. robustly trigger stimulus-dependent manner, together conditions levels complexity, make powerful systems cognition. Classic work revealed principles level Scholar], whereas aiming understand neurophysiology have traditionally focused fast stimulus-escape reactions, jumping locusts flies [9Card G.M. behaviors insects.Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 22: 180-186Crossref (39) 10Fotowat H. Gabbiani F. Collision detection sensory-motor integration.Annu. Rev. 2011; 34: 1-19Crossref (68) There thus gap biological displayed environments. However, advances monitoring techniques freely promise bridge this gap, open way circuits implement Here we evidence well some currently known underlying further references supplemental online). consider three points: detection, initiation, execution (Figure 1). addition structuring separate points, division generalizes classes problems brain solve when any behaviour, namely classifying information, selecting, then executing 2), underscores power neuroscience.Figure 2Flexibility Execution Different Species. directionality depends presence location shelter (left panels). (Top) animal inaccessible, absent, too far away, predominant switches freezing (Bottom) suitable environment guides precise its location. If becomes unavailable finds new one, paths modified accordingly very rapidly. threat-dependent (middle type influences trajectory. A frog directs terrestrial snake, flees aerial bat undercut their path [117Bulbert M.W. al.Danger comes all fronts: predator-dependent tactics túngara frogs.PLoS One. 2015; 10e0120546Crossref (8) birds, deer, fish, frogs flee directly threatening may function distance prey. same 130–90° angle, facilitate less predictable, manoeuvre predatory strike [118Lind al.Split-second blue tits (Parus caeruleus).Naturwissenschaften. 2002; 89: 420-423Crossref (25) physical modulates (right Flight obstacles usually approaching if obstacle occludes path. Solitary initiate onset angles, schooling straight uniform spatial constraints imposed shoal.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) first step evaluate identify present. classification operation stimuli sorted not-threatening, includes component (is stimulus there?) value not?). detect, identify, based features shape, size, speed, smell. species innately carry negative valence, essential surviving without needing rely exposure learn threatening. implemented through evolution dedicated channels specialised detectors, activate lead stereotyped rodent olfactory system circuit chemical substances emitted kairomones, receptors located vomeronasal organ connected hypothalamic via amygdala [11Pérez-Gómez al.Innate odor aversion driven parallel subsystems converge ventromedial hypothalamus.Curr. Biol. 25: 1340-1346Abstract Full Text PDF Similarly, subset cells increase firing rate dark expanding signal objects collision course elicit responses [12Yilmaz M. Meister Rapid mice looming stimuli.Curr. 2013; 23: 2011-2015Abstract (104) even human infants [13Ball W. Tronick E. Infant impending collision: optical real.Science. 1971; 171: 818-820Crossref These found kingdom [14De Vries S.E.J. Clandinin T.R. Loom-sensitive neurons link Drosophila system.Curr. 353-362Abstract (79) 15Wang Y. Frost B.J. Time signalled nucleus rotundus pigeons.Nature. 356: 236-238Crossref 16Liu Y.J. al.Neuronal superior colliculus cat.Brain Evol. 77: 193-205Crossref 17Westby G.W. al.Output pathways rat mediating approach avoidance properties.Exp. Brain Res. 81: 626-638Crossref (89) probably reflecting strong selective pressure collision-avoidance system. vertebrate optic tectum (OT) mammalian homologue, (SC), regions midbrain detecting [18Khakhalin A.S. al.Excitation inhibition recurrent networks mediate Xenopus tadpoles.Eur. 2014; 40: 2948-2962Crossref (22) 19Evans D.A. al.A synaptic threshold mechanism decisions.Nature. 558: 590-594Crossref (2) 20Bhattacharyya K. al.Visual assessment reticulospinal encoding calibrated larval zebrafish.Curr. 2017; 27 (2751–2762.e6)Abstract role perhaps least understood SC mammals, recordings looming-sensitive [16Liu 21Zhao X. cortex magnitude selectivity looming-evoked awake mice.Neuron. 84: 202-213Abstract (58) 22Gale S.D. Murphy G.J. Active dendritic properties inhibitory input object motion mouse neurons.J. 2016; 36: 9111-9123Crossref (14) 23Shang C. parvalbumin-positive excitatory pathway fear mice.Science. 348: 1472-1477Crossref (65) manipulations both impair [19Evans 24Deng al.Periaqueductal gray neuronal activities underlie behaviors.J. 7580-7588Crossref (16) 25Bittencourt al.Organization electrically chemically evoked within deeper collicular layers compared periaqueductal matter rat.Neuroscience. 2005; 133: 873-892Crossref 26Blanchard D.C. al.Taming wild Rattus norvegicus lesions mesencephalic central gray.Physiol. Psychol. 1981; 9: 157-163Crossref unimodal, microcircuitry computational integration OT/SC starting uncovered 27Dunn T.W. al.Neural visually zebrafish.Neuron. 613-628Abstract (66) 28Heap L.A.L. al.Luminance changes drive directional startle thalamic pathway.Neuron. 99: 292-301Abstract 29Temizer I. 1823-1834Abstract 30Pereira A.G. Moita M.A. Is anybody out there? Neural vertebrates.Curr. 41: 179-187Crossref (4) place these core processing. Although stimulus–response couplings survival, evaluation enough adapt contingencies, modulated expectations arising beliefs. adjust frequency past encounters risk. theoretical terms equivalent – high predation risk, reacting lowered, raised low Such adaptation been demonstrated studies, quickly suppress repeatedly presented no adverse occurs, presumably minimise costs associated unnecessary [31Baglan al.Learning mosquito larvae (Aedes aegypti): habituation danger signal.J. Insect Physiol. 98: 160-166Crossref common determine observe sometimes possible distinguish adaptations stage point below). process strongly context-dependent [32Hemmi J.M. Tomsic D. neuroethology crabs: back.Curr. 194-200Crossref Scholar] stimulus-specific [33Guest B.B. Gray J.R. Responses neuron compound paired approaches.J. 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Language: Английский

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A Neural Circuit for the Suppression of Pain by a Competing Need State

Cell, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 173(1), P. 140 - 152.e15

Published: March 1, 2018

Language: Английский

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DREADD Agonist 21 Is an Effective Agonist for Muscarinic-Based DREADDsin Vitroandin Vivo

ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 1(1), P. 61 - 72

Published: July 27, 2018

Chemogenetic tools such as designer receptors exclusively activated by drugs (DREADDs) are routinely used to modulate neuronal and non-neuronal signaling activity in a relatively noninvasive manner. The first generation of DREADDs were templated from the human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor family insensitive endogenous agonist but instead clozapine-N-oxide (CNO). Despite undisputed success CNO an activator DREADDs, it has been known for some time that is subject low rate metabolic conversion clozapine, raising need alternative chemical actuators muscarinic-based DREADDs. Here we show DREADD 21 (C21) (11-(1-piperazinyl)-5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine) potent selective at both excitatory (hM3Dq) inhibitory (hM4Di) excellent bioavailability, pharmacokinetic properties, brain penetrability. We also C21-induced activation hM3Dq hM4Di vivo can bidirectional feeding defined circuits mice. These results indicate C21 represents studies where clozapine concern.

Language: Английский

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The emergence and influence of internal states

Neuron, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 110(16), P. 2545 - 2570

Published: May 27, 2022

Language: Английский

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