Evolution of behavioural control from chordates to primates

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 377(1844)

Published: Dec. 27, 2021

This article outlines a hypothetical sequence of evolutionary innovations, along the lineage that produced humans, which extended behavioural control from simple feedback loops to sophisticated diverse species-typical actions. I begin with basic mechanisms ancient mobile animals and follow major niche transitions aquatic terrestrial life, retreat into nocturnality in early mammals, transition arboreal life return diurnality. Along way, propose elaboration diversification repertoire associated neuroanatomical substrates. includes midbrain approach versus escape actions, telencephalic local long-range foraging, detection affordances by dorsal pallium, diversified nocturnal foraging mammalian neocortex expansion primate frontal, temporal parietal cortex support wide variety primate-specific strategies. The result is proposed functional architecture consisting parallel systems, each dedicated specifying for guiding particular compete against other through hierarchy selection mechanisms. part theme issue 'Systems neuroscience lens theory'.

Language: Английский

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Neural Algorithms and Circuits for Motor Planning

Annual Review of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 45(1), P. 249 - 271

Published: March 22, 2022

The brain plans and executes volitional movements. underlying patterns of neural population activity have been explored in the context movements eyes, limbs, tongue, head nonhuman primates rodents. How do networks neurons produce slow dynamics that prepare specific fast ultimately initiate these movements? Recent work exploits rapid calibrated perturbations to test dynamical systems models are capable producing observed activity. These joint experimental computational studies show cortical during motor planning reflect fixed points (attractors). Subcortical control signals reshape move attractors over multiple timescales, causing commitment actions transitions movement execution. Experiments rodents beginning reveal how algorithms implemented at level brain-wide circuits.

Language: Английский

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Integrated neural dynamics of sensorimotor decisions and actions

PLoS Biology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 20(12), P. e3001861 - e3001861

Published: Dec. 15, 2022

Recent theoretical models suggest that deciding about actions and executing them are not implemented by completely distinct neural mechanisms but instead two modes of an integrated dynamical system. Here, we investigate this proposal examining how activity unfolds during a dynamic decision-making task within the high-dimensional space defined cells in monkey dorsal premotor (PMd), primary motor (M1), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) as well external internal segments globus pallidus (GPe, GPi). Dimensionality reduction shows four strongest components functionally interpretable, reflecting state transition between deliberation commitment, transformation sensory evidence into choice, baseline slope rising urgency to decide. Analysis contribution each population these meaningful differences regions no clusters region, consistent with During deliberation, cortical on two-dimensional “decision manifold” falls off manifold at moment commitment choice-dependent trajectory leading movement initiation. The structure varies regions: In PMd, it is curved; M1, nearly perfectly flat; dlPFC, almost entirely confined dimension. contrast, pallidal primarily urgency. We findings reveal functional contributions different brain system governing action selection execution.

Language: Английский

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Principles of gait encoding in the subthalamic nucleus of people with Parkinson’s disease

Science Translational Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(661)

Published: Sept. 7, 2022

Disruption of subthalamic nucleus dynamics in Parkinson’s disease leads to impairments during walking. Here, we aimed uncover the principles through which encodes functional and dysfunctional walking people with disease. We conceived a neurorobotic platform embedding an isokinetic dynamometric chair that allowed us deconstruct key components under well-controlled conditions. exploited this 18 patients demonstrate initiation, termination, amplitude leg muscle activation. found same fundamental determine encoding synergies standing translated understanding into machine learning framework decoded activation, states, locomotor vigor, freezing gait. These results expose encode walking, opening possibility operate neuroprosthetic systems these signals improve

Language: Английский

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Lost in time: Relocating the perception of duration outside the brain

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 153, P. 105312 - 105312

Published: July 17, 2023

Language: Английский

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Clinical severity in Parkinson’s disease is determined by decline in cortical compensation

Brain, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 147(3), P. 871 - 886

Published: Sept. 27, 2023

Abstract Dopaminergic dysfunction in the basal ganglia, particularly posterior putamen, is often viewed as primary pathological mechanism behind motor slowing (i.e. bradykinesia) Parkinson’s disease. However, striatal dopamine loss fails to account for interindividual differences phenotype and rate of decline, implying that expression symptoms depends on additional mechanisms, some which may be compensatory nature. Building observations increased motor-related activity parieto-premotor cortex Parkinson patients, we tested hypothesis clinical severity are determined by cortical mechanisms not just ganglia dysfunction. Using functional MRI, measured variability motor- selection-related brain during a visuomotor task 353 patients with disease (≤5 years duration) 60 healthy controls. In this task, manipulated action selection demand varying number possible actions individuals could choose from. Clinical was characterized two ways. First, were categorized into three previously validated, discrete subtypes hypothesized reflect distinct routes α-synuclein propagation: diffuse-malignant (n = 42), intermediate 128) or mild motor-predominant 150). Second, used scores bradykinesia cognitive performance across entire sample continuous measures. Patients showed (longer response times) reduced compared did differ between associated scores. This indicates limited role shaping severity. Consistent our hypothesis, observed enhanced mild-motor predominant subtype, both subtype Furthermore, related lower better performance, points role. We conclude compensation, rather than dysfunction, shapes symptom Future interventions focus maintaining enhancing only attempting normalize

Language: Английский

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Basal ganglia output coding - entopeduncular nucleus - of contextual kinematics and reward in the freely moving mouse

Published: Jan. 7, 2025

The entopeduncular nucleus (EPN) is often termed as one of the output nuclei basal ganglia owing to their highly convergent anatomy. rodent EPN has been implicated in reward and value coding whereas primate analogue internal Globus Pallidus found be modulated by some movements circumstances. In this study we sought understand how might kinematic, reward, difficulty parameters, particularly during locomotion. Furthermore, aimed level movement representation: whole-body or specific body parts. To end, mice were trained a freely moving two-alternative forced choice task with two periods displacement (return go trajectories) performed electrophysiological recordings together video-based tracking. We 1) robust but not difficulty. 2) Spatio-temporal variables better explain activity compared kinematic variables, while both types more robustly represented reward-related movement. 3) Reward sensitive units encode kinematics similarly insensitive ones. 4) Population dynamics that best account for differences between these can explained allocentric references like distance port. 5) representation paw licks mutually exclusive, discarding somatotopic muscle-level EPN. Our data suggest represents complex way: multiplexed, influenced objective displacement, where trajectories lead represent spatial variables. Interestingly, there are intertwining representations single licking Further, ones, challenging notion distinct pathways processing.

Language: Английский

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Conjoint specification of action by neocortex and striatum

Neuron, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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The Urge to Decide and Act: Implications for Brain Function and Dysfunction

The Neuroscientist, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 25(5), P. 491 - 511

Published: May 8, 2019

Humans and other animals are motivated to act so as maximize their subjective reward rate. Here, we propose that rate maximization is accomplished by adjusting a context-dependent “urgency signal,” which influences both the commitment developing action choice vigor with ensuing performed. We review behavioral neurophysiological data suggesting urgency controlled projections from basal ganglia cerebral cortical regions, influencing neural activity related decision making well execution. also evidence different individuals possess specific policies for signal particular contextual variables, such constitutes an individual trait jointly wide range of measures commonly overall quality hastiness one’s decisions actions. Consequently, argue central mechanism provides potential link between personality traits impulsivity, some motivation-related symptomology clinical disorders depression Parkinson’s disease.

Language: Английский

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Vigor

The MIT Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 21, 2020

An examination of the link between vigor with which we move and value that brain assigns to goal movement. Why do reflexively run toward people love, but only walk others? In Vigor, Reza Shadmehr Alaa Ahmed examine how things it controls our movements. They find regions thought be principally involved in decision making also affect movement vigor—and responsible for bias patterns making. first consider relationship from a behavioral mathematical perspective, considering series fascinating observations—including, example, data showing certain cities tend faster than those living elsewhere—through lens optimal foraging theory. then go on explore neural basis valuation, synthesizing results experiments have measured activity various structures neuromodulators, including dopamine serotonin. speculate future, technologies may able predict personal preferences by measuring movements; through move, unwittingly reveal one well-guarded secrets: much object attention.

Language: Английский

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