The
brown
rat
(Rattus
norvegicus)
is
known
to
show
three
types
of
behavioral
responses
novel
objects.
Whereas
some
wild
rats
are
neophobic
and
avoidance
behavior,
other
indifferent
In
contrast,
laboratory
neophiliac
approach
behavior.
To
elucidate
the
neuromodulators
that
contribute
these
differences,
dopaminergic,
serotonergic,
noradrenergic
systems
were
compared
immunohistochemically
among
rats.
Trapped
first
individually
exposed
objects
in
their
home
cage.
Although
all
classified
as
rats,
divided
into
depending
on
responses.
Consistent
with
Fos
expression
corticotropin-releasing
hormone
neurons
paraventricular
nucleus
hypothalamus
was
higher
lower
addition,
showed
anterior
posterior
basal
amygdala,
suggesting
roles
neophobia
neophilia,
respectively.
dorsal
raphe,
number
serotonergic
increased
linearly
from
ventral
tegmental
area,
dopaminergic
than
Taken
together,
results
suggest
approach/avoidance
behavior
associated
rat.
Journal of Personalized Medicine,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
15(1), P. 33 - 33
Published: Jan. 17, 2025
A
significant
proportion
of
patients
who
sustain
a
concussion/mild
traumatic
brain
injury
endorse
persisting,
lingering
symptoms.
The
symptoms
associated
with
concussion
are
nonspecific,
and
many
other
medical
conditions
present
similar
Medical
that
overlap
symptomatically
include
anxiety,
depression,
insomnia,
chronic
pain,
fatigue,
fibromyalgia,
cervical
strain
injuries.
One
the
factors
may
account
for
these
similarities
is
all
disturbances
in
optimal
functioning
autonomic
nervous
system
its
intricate
interactions
endocrine
immune
system—the
three
primary
regulatory
systems
body.
When
clinicians
working
presenting
persisting
after
concussion,
evidence-based
treatment
options
drawn
from
literature
limited.
We
framework
assessment
following
based
on
available
evidence
(treatment
trials),
neuroanatomical
principles
(research
into
physiology
concussion),
clinical
judgment.
review
research
supporting
premise
behavioral
interventions
designed
to
stabilize
optimize
body
have
potential
reduce
improve
patients.
Foundational
rehabilitation
strategies
areas
sleep
stabilization,
fatigue
management,
physical
exercise,
nutrition,
relaxation
protocols,
activation
outlined
along
practical
implementing
intervention
modules
European Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
67(1)
Published: Jan. 1, 2024
Abstract
Background
This
study
investigates
the
effects
of
accelerated
high-frequency
repetitive
transcranial
magnetic
stimulation
(aHF-rTMS),
applied
to
left
dorsolateral
prefrontal
cortex
(DLPFC),
on
locus
coeruleus
(LC)
functional
connectivity
in
treatment
refractory
medication-resistant
major
depression
(MRD).
Methods
We
studied
12
antidepressant-free
MRD
patients,
focusing
how
aHF-rTMS
affects
LC,
a
central
component
brain’s
noradrenergic
system
and
key
mood
regulation
stress
response.
Results
A
stronger
decrease
LC
following
resulted
better
clinical
improvement.
observed
such
decreases
with
several
brain
regions,
including
superior
frontal
gyrus,
precentral
middle
occipital
cerebellum.
Moreover,
our
exploratory
analyses
hint
at
possible
role
for
E-field
modeling
forecasting
outcomes.
Additional
suggest
potential
genetic
dopaminergic
factors
influencing
changes
relation
Conclusions
The
findings
this
underscore
pivotal
orchestrating
higher
cognitive
functions
through
its
extensive
connections
cortices,
facilitating
decision-making,
attention,
addressing
depressive
rumination.
Additionally,
enhancement
LC-(posterior)
cerebellar
not
only
highlights
cerebellum’s
moderating
outcomes
modulation
but
also
suggests
as
predictive
marker
efficacy.
These
results
reveal
new
insights
into
neural
mechanisms
therapeutic
targets
enhancing
activity,
thereby
both
psychomotor
symptoms
associated
disorder.
Translational Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
14(1)
Published: Nov. 2, 2024
The
use
of
repetitive
Transcranial
Magnetic
Stimulation
(rTMS)
in
treating
major
depressive
disorder
(MDD)
is
increasingly
being
explored
precision
medicine.
However,
there's
a
notable
lack
understanding
the
underlying
neurobiological
effects,
which
limits
our
ability
to
correlate
specific
imaging
features
with
treatment
efficacy.
As
one
possible
mechanism,
clinical
research
has
already
shown
that
MDD,
lower
norepinephrine
release
locus
coeruleus
(LC)
triggers
symptoms,
and
pharmacological
approaches
block
reuptake
boost
its
levels,
easing
depression.
Surprisingly,
LC
not
received
more
pronounced
focus
contemporary
rTMS
research.
This
study
investigates
role
MDD
response
high-frequency
(HF)-rTMS
using
18FDG-PET
imaging.
We
compared
metabolic
connectivity
between
patients
(n
=
43)
healthy
controls
32).
Additionally,
we
evaluated
predictive
value
for
HF-rTMS
outcomes
examined
post-treatment
changes
connectivity.
Our
findings
revealed
significant
differences
controls.
Baseline
did
predict
outcomes.
analyses
showed
correlation
improved
attenuation
regions
associated
cognitive
control
default
mode
network.
Notably,
reduction
state
anxiety
moderated
this
relationship,
highlighting
efficacy
treatment.
suggest
connectivity,
influenced
by
may
be
crucial
efficacy,
offering
further
insights
personalized
strategies.
Journal of Alzheimer s Disease,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
99(2), P. 705 - 714
Published: April 26, 2024
Background:
Recent
interest
has
surged
in
the
locus
coeruleus
(LC)
for
its
early
involvement
Alzheimer’s
disease
(AD),
notably
concerning
apolipoprotein
ɛ4
allele
(APOE4).
Objective:
This
study
aimed
to
discern
LC
functional
connectivity
(FC)
variations
preclinical
AD
subjects,
dissecting
roles
of
APOE4
carrier
status
and
amyloid-β
(Aβ)
deposition.
Methods:
A
cohort
112
cognitively
intact
individuals,
all
Aβ-positive,
split
into
70
noncarriers
42
carriers,
underwent
MRI
scans,
neuropsychological
assessments,
APOE
genotyping.
The
research
utilized
seed
voxel
analysis
illustrating
rsFC
discrepancies
between
statuses
employed
a
general
linear
model
examine
interactive
influence
Aβ
deposition
on
FC
values.
Results:
investigation
revealed
no
significant
differences
sex,
age,
or
SUVR
carriers
noncarriers.
It
found
diminished
with
occipital
cortex
identified
interaction
temporal
lobe
cortex.
suggested
proportional
increase
carriers.
Additional
notable
interactions
were
observed
affecting
various
brain
regions,
indicating
decrease
Conclusions:
These
findings
confirm
that
significantly
influences
AD,
showcasing
an
intricate
relationship
regional
underscores
critical
role
genetic
pathological
factors
pathophysiology,
offering
insights
potential
biomarkers
detection
intervention
strategies.
Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
549, P. 110 - 120
Published: May 7, 2024
The
brown
rat
(Rattus
norvegicus)
is
known
to
show
three
types
of
behavioral
responses
novel
objects.
Whereas
some
rats
are
indifferent
objects,
neophobic
and
neophilic
avoidance
approach
behavior,
respectively.
Here,
we
compared
the
dopaminergic,
serotonergic,
noradrenergic
systems
immunohistochemically
among
these
rats.
Trapped
wild
laboratory
were
first
individually
exposed
objects
in
their
home
cage.
Wild
divided
into
depending
on
responses.
Similarly,
Consistent
with
differences,
paraventricular
nucleus
hypothalamus,
Fos
expression
corticotropin-releasing
hormone-containing
neurons
was
higher
than
In
anterior
basal
amygdala,
showed
posterior
lower
expressions
rats,
When
neuromodulatory
systems,
dorsal
raphe,
number
serotonergic
increased
linearly
from
ventral
tegmental
area,
dopaminergic
These
results
demonstrate
that
approach/avoidance
behavior
correlated
rat.
We
propose
system
suppresses
while
enhances
Frontiers in Pharmacology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
15
Published: Sept. 26, 2024
Copper
is
an
important
mineral,
and
moderate
copper
required
to
maintain
physiological
processes
in
nervous
system
including
cerebral
ischemia/reperfusion
(I/R)
injury.
Over
the
past
few
decades,
induced
cell
death,
named
cuprotosis,
has
attracted
increasing
attention.
Several
lines
of
evidence
have
confirmed
cuprotosis
exerts
pivotal
role
diverse
pathological
processes,
such
as
cancer,
neurodegenerative
diseases,
I/R
Therefore,
in-depth
understanding
interaction
mechanism
between
copper-mediated
death
injury
may
reveal
significant
alterations
about
cellular
homeostasis
pathophysiological
conditions,
well
therapeutic
strategies
deciphering
copper-induced
Alzheimer s & Dementia,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Nov. 26, 2024
Alterations
in
locus
coeruleus'
(LC)
metabolic
turnover
are
associated
with
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD)-pathology
and
cognitive
impairment.
However,
the
evolution
of
these
changes
across
stages
their
functional
relevance
remains
unknown.
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: May 23, 2024
Whole-brain
intrinsic
activity
as
detected
by
resting-state
fMRI
can
be
summarized
three
primary
spatiotemporal
patterns.
These
patterns
have
been
shown
to
change
with
different
brain
states,
especially
arousal.
The
noradrenergic
locus
coeruleus
(LC)
is
a
key
node
in
arousal
circuits
and
has
extensive
projections
throughout
the
brain,
giving
it
neuromodulatory
influence
over
coordinated
of
structurally
separated
regions.
In
this
study,
we
used
optogenetic-fMRI
rats
investigate
impact
LC
stimulation
on
global
signal
We
report
small,
spatially
specific
changes
distribution
result
tonic
stimulation,
well
regional
at
5
Hz
15
phasic
stimulation.
also
found
that
had
little
no
effect
complex
principal
component
analysis.
results
show
effects
BOLD
may
small
regionally
concentrated,
opposed
widespread
globally
acting.
Biomedicines,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
11(8), P. 2307 - 2307
Published: Aug. 19, 2023
Chewing
improves
visuospatial
performance
through
locus
coeruleus
(LC)
activation.
The
effects
of
bilateral
and
unilateral
mastication
were
investigated
in
subjects
showing
different
degrees
asymmetry
masseter
electromyographic
(EMG)
activity
during
clenching
pupil
size
at
rest
(anisocoria),
which
is
a
proxy
LC
imbalance.
Correlations
between
changes
values
found
males,
but
not
females.
Among
with
low
(balanced-BAL)
more
sensitive
than
those
high
(imbalanced-IMB)
to
chewing
on
the
side
higher
EMG
(hypertonic).
opposite
was
true
for
hypotonic
chewing.
BAL
both
sides,
while
IMB
subjects,
hypertonic
did
influence
either
males
or
Bilateral
elicited
larger
exceeding
predicted
from
groups.
Finally,
anisocoria
by
correlated
values,
independent
sex.
Data
confirmed
facilitation
exerted
Trigeminal
asymmetries
modulate
effects,
making
occlusal
rebalancing
an
appropriate
strategy
improve
performance.
