Cortisol as a Biomarker of Mental Disorder Severity

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10(21), P. 5204 - 5204

Published: Nov. 8, 2021

Cortisol—the most important steroid hormone with a significant effect on body metabolism—strongly affects peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. Fluctuations in cortisol secretion often accompany psychiatric disorders, normalization of its levels correlates improvement patient’s health. This indicates that may be useful as biological marker can help determine likelihood mental illness, impending onset, severity symptoms, which is especially face increasing prevalence including those associated social isolation anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic. publication reviews recent reports healthy participants shows current state knowledge changes this people at risk for depression, bipolar disorder, psychosis. It how disorders react to stressful situations applied therapies affect secretion. The influence antidepressants antipsychotics also described. Finally, it publications patterns patients remission.

Language: Английский

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Signalling cognition: the gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: June 19, 2023

Cognitive function in humans depends on the complex and interplay between multiple body systems, including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The gut microbiota, which vastly outnumbers human cells has a genetic potential that exceeds of genome, plays crucial role this interplay. microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis is bidirectional signalling pathway operates through neural, endocrine, immune, metabolic pathways. One major neuroendocrine systems responding to stress HPA produces glucocorticoids such as cortisol corticosterone rodents. Appropriate concentrations are essential for normal neurodevelopment function, well cognitive processes learning memory, studies have shown microbes modulate throughout life. Stress can significantly impact MGB via other Animal research advanced our understanding these mechanisms pathways, leading paradigm shift conceptual thinking about influence microbiota health disease. Preclinical trials currently underway determine how animal models translate humans. In review article, we summarize current knowledge relationship axis, cognition, provide an overview main findings conclusions broad field.

Language: Английский

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Communication of gut microbiota and brain via immune and neuroendocrine signaling

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: Jan. 25, 2023

The gastrointestinal tract of the human is inhabited by about 5 × 10 13 bacteria (of 1,000 species) as well archaea, fungi, and viruses. Gut microbiota known to influence host organism, but may also affect functioning microbiota. This bidirectional cooperation occurs in three main inter-organ signaling: immune, neural, endocrine. Immune communication relies mostly on cytokines released immune cells into circulation. Also, pathogen-associated or damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs DAMPs) enter circulation internal organs gut Neural direct anatomical connections made vagus nerve, indirect via enteric nervous system. third pathway, endocrine communication, broadest one includes hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. review focuses presenting latest data role with particular emphasis neurotransmitters (catecholamines, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid), intestinal peptides (cholecystokinin, peptide YY, glucagon-like 1), bacterial metabolites (short-chain fatty acids).

Language: Английский

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Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroinflammation in ME/CFS and Long COVID to Sustain Disease and Promote Relapses

Frontiers in Neurology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: May 25, 2022

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a disease now well-documented as having arisen commonly from viral infection, but also other external stressors, like exposure to agricultural chemicals, types of surgery, or severe stress events. Research has shown these events produce systemic molecular inflammatory response and chronic immune activation dysregulation. What been more difficult establish the hierarchy physiological responses that give rise myriad symptoms ME/CFS patients experience, why they do not resolve are generally life-long. The severity frequently fluctuates through relapse recovery periods, with brain-centered neuroinflammation, loss homeostatic control, "brain fog" affecting cognitive ability, lack refreshing sleep, poor even small stresses. How brain effects develop initiating effector, whether virus cause, poorly understood what our paper aims address. We propose hypothesis following initial stressor event, subsequent pathology moves via neurovascular pathways dysfunctional blood-brain barrier (BBB), resulting in neuroinflammation leading sustained illness cycles. Signaling recognized back body physiology likely part process by which cycle peripheral system healing does occur. By contrast, Long COVID (Post-COVID-19 condition) very recent ME/CFS-like arising single pandemic virus, SARS-CoV-2. believe ongoing similar mechanisms involving some unique signaling, SARS-CoV-2 infection. fact there both diseases, despite diversity nature supports concept CNS component common both.

Language: Английский

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Microbiota–gut–brain axis mechanisms in the complex network of bipolar disorders: potential clinical implications and translational opportunities

Molecular Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 28(7), P. 2645 - 2673

Published: Jan. 27, 2023

Abstract Bipolar disorders (BD) represent a severe leading disabling mental condition worldwide characterized by episodic and often progressive mood fluctuations with manic depressive stages. The biological mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of BD remain incompletely understood, but it seems that there is complex picture genetic environmental factors implicated. Nowadays, gut microbiota in spotlight new research related to this kind psychiatric disorder, as can be consistently several pathophysiological events observed BD. In context so-called microbiota–gut–brain (MGB) axis, shown have strong influence on host neuromodulation endocrine functions (i.e., controlling synthesis neurotransmitters like serotonin or mediating activation hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis), well modulation immune responses, critically regulating intestinal, systemic brain inflammation (neuroinflammation). present review aims elucidate derived from MGB axis disruption possible therapeutic approaches mainly focusing network Understanding its bidirectional communication other systems shed light discovery therapies for improving clinical management these patients. Besides, effect drugs currently used patients, together therapeutical targeting ecosystem (dietary patterns, probiotics, prebiotics, novelties) will also contemplated.

Language: Английский

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Associations of gut microbiota alterations with clinical, metabolic, and immune-inflammatory characteristics of chronic schizophrenia

Journal of Psychiatric Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 171, P. 152 - 160

Published: Jan. 23, 2024

Language: Английский

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Balancing the Mind: Toward a Complete Picture of the Interplay between Gut Microbiota, Inflammation and Major Depressive Disorder

Brain Research Bulletin, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 216, P. 111056 - 111056

Published: Aug. 24, 2024

The intricate interplay existing between gut microbiota and homeostasis extends to the realm of brain, where emerging research underscores significant impact on mood regulation overall neurological well-being vice-versa, with inflammation playing a pivotal role in mediating these complex interactions. This comprehensive review explores inflammation, alterations microbiota, their major depressive disorder (MDD). It provides cohesive framework for puzzle pieces this triad, emphasizing recent advancements understanding inflammatory states' contribution features. Two directions communication brain depression are discussed, serving as potential modulator. Therapeutic implications were discussed well, drawing insights from interventional studies effects probiotics bacterial composition symptoms. Ultimately, will attempt provide complete valuable future therapeutic interventions MDD.

Language: Английский

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Dangers of the chronic stress response in the context of the microbiota-gut-immune-brain axis and mental health: a narrative review

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: May 2, 2024

More than 20% of American adults live with a mental disorder, many whom are treatment resistant or continue to experience symptoms. Other approaches needed improve health care, including prevention. The role the microbiome has emerged as central tenet in and physical their interconnectedness (well-being). Under normal conditions, healthy promotes homeostasis within host by maintaining intestinal brain barrier integrity, thereby facilitating well-being. Owing multidirectional crosstalk between neuro-endocrine-immune systems, dysbiosis is main driver immune-mediated systemic neural inflammation that can promote disease progression detrimental well-being broadly particular. In predisposed individuals, immune dysregulation shift autoimmunity, especially presence psychological triggers. chronic stress response involves system, which intimately involved gut microbiome, particularly process education. This interconnection forms microbiota-gut-immune-brain axis disorders. this brief review, we aim highlight relationships stress, health, along ways dysregulated system an autoimmune concomitant neuropsychological consequences context axis. Finally, review evidenced-based prevention strategies potential therapeutic targets.

Language: Английский

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Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: the biology of a neglected disease

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: June 3, 2024

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a chronic, debilitating disease characterised by wide range of symptoms that severely impact all aspects life. Despite its significant prevalence, ME/CFS remains one the most understudied and misunderstood conditions in modern medicine. lacks standardised diagnostic criteria owing to variations both inclusion exclusion across different guidelines, furthermore, there are currently no effective treatments available. Moving beyond traditional fragmented perspectives have limited our understanding management disease, analysis current information on represents paradigm shift synthesising disease’s multifactorial origins into cohesive model. We discuss how emerges from an intricate web genetic vulnerabilities environmental triggers, notably viral infections, leading complex series pathological responses including immune dysregulation, chronic inflammation, gut dysbiosis, metabolic disturbances. This comprehensive model not only advances ME/CFS’s pathophysiology but also opens new avenues for research potential therapeutic strategies. By integrating these disparate elements, work emphasises necessity holistic approach diagnosing, researching, treating ME/CFS, urging scientific community reconsider complexity multifaceted required study management.

Language: Английский

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Phytobiotics to improve health and production of broiler chickens: functions beyond the antioxidant activity

Animal Bioscience, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 34(3), P. 345 - 353

Published: Feb. 14, 2021

Phytobiotics, also known as phytochemicals or phytogenics, have a wide variety of biological activities and recently emerged alternatives to synthetic antibiotic growth promoters. Numerous studies reported the growth-promoting effects phytobiotics in chickens, but their precise mechanism action is yet be elucidated. Phytobiotics are traditionally for antioxidant activity. However, extensive investigations shown that these compounds anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, transcription-modulating effects. non-nutritive constituents, bioavailability low. Nonetheless, beneficial been observed several tissues organs. The health benefits ingestion attributed revealed not all could explained by alone. In this review, I focused on possible mechanisms underlying overall intestinal barrier functions, inflammatory status, gut microbiota, systemic inflammation, metabolism, rather than specific each compound. discuss which contribute promotion chickens.

Language: Английский

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